API 315 : 1993

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1 INTRODUCTION
2 BACKGROUND
3 REVIEW OF THE REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT
         FEDERAL RULES AND INITIATIVES
            Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasures
            Program
            Oil Pollution Act of 1990
         REQUIREMENTS FOR SECONDARY CONTAINMENT IN SELECTED
         STATES
            California
            Minnesota
            New Jersey
            New York
            South Dakota
            Texas
        OTHER STANDARDS
        REFERENCE POINT PERMEABILITY
4 SURVEY OF CANDIDATE LINERS
        INTRODUCTION TO GEOSYNTHETICS
        COATED FABRICS AND LAMINATES
        EXTRUDED FILM OR SHEET
        GCLs
        SPRAY-ON COATINGS
5 LINER SELECTION CRITERIA
        PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
        PERMEABILITY
           Hydraulic Conductivity and Vapor Diffusion
           Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity and
           Vapor Permeation
           Unit Conversions
        CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
        INSTALLATION-RELATED FACTORS
           Seams
           Sprayable Coatings
           GCLs
        REPAIR CONSIDERATIONS
6 SURVEY OF INSTALLATION CONSIDERATIONS
        PRE-LINER SITE WORK/UTILITY RELOCATION
        FIELD AND FACTORY SEAMING
        ATTACHMENT TO TANKS, RINGWALLS AND APPURTENANCES
        ANCHOR TRENCH, SUBGRADE AND COVER REQUIREMENTS
        DRAINAGE AND CATHODIC PROTECTION
        CONSTRUCTION QUALITY ASSURANCE
        FIELD TESTS
           Sealed Double-Ring Infiltrometer Field
           Permeability Test
           Two-Stage Borehole Field Permeability Test
           Applicability of Field Testing for Secondary
           Containment
7 DURABILITY
        MATERIAL COMPATIBILITY WITH PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
        FAILURE MODES
        LINEAR PROTECTION AND MAINTENANCE
REFERENCES
Figure
5-1 Hydraulic conductivity of soils
5-2 Diffusion in polymers
5-3 Graphical depiction of vapor permeation across
        a polymer barrier
5-4 Configuration of ASTM F 739 permeation test cells

To assess present-day tankfield materials and methods of containment, API commissioned a review of environmental regulations as well as a survey of candidate liner materials and installation methods to explore the technology base. The study was limited to diked areas surrounding storage tanks. Liner installations for secondary containment underneath tanks were excluded.