PD R044-001:1999

Foreword
1 Scope
2 Definitions
3 General
4 Static electricity in non-conductive solid materials
    4.1 General considerations
    4.2 Dissipative solid materials
    4.3 The use of conductive or dissipative materials in
          place of non-conductive ones
    4.4 Precautions required when using non-conductive solid
          materials
    4.5 Conveyor belts and transmission belts
5 Static electricity in liquids
    5.1 General considerations
    5.2 Ignition hazard
    5.3 Precautions against ignition hazards during liquid
          handling operations
    5.4 Storage tanks
    5.5 Pipes and hoses for liquids
    5.6 Special filling procedures
    5.7 Plant process (liquid/liquid and solid/liquid
          blending and mixing)
    5.8 Spraying liquids and tank cleaning
    5.9 Glass systems
6 Static electricity in gases
    6.1 General
    6.2 Grit blasting
    6.3 Fire extinguishers
    6.4 Inerting
    6.5 Steam cleaning
    6.6 Accidental leakage of compressed gas
    6.7 Spraying of flammable paints and powders
    6.8 Extraction systems
    6.9 Vacuum cleaners, fixed and mobile
7 Static electricity in powders
    7.1 General
    7.2 Powders in the absence of flammable gases and vapours
    7.3 Powders in the presence of flammable gases or vapours
8 Static electricity on persons
    8.1 General considerations
    8.2 Conducting floor
    8.3 Dissipative and conductive footwear
    8.4 Clothing
    8.5 Protective gloves
    8.6 Other items
9 Electric shock
    9.1 Introduction
    9.2 Discharges relevant to electric shock
    9.3 Sources of electric shock
    9.4 Precautions to avoid electric shocks
    9.5 Precautions in special cases
10 Earthing and bonding
    10.1 General
    10.2 Criteria for the dissipation of static electricity
          from a conductor
    10.3 Earthing requirements in practical systems
    10.4 The establishment and monitoring of earthing systems
Tables
1 Restriction on area of width values of non-conductive
    solid materials in hazardous areas containing potentially
    explosive atmospheres of groups IIA, IIB and IIC
2 Conductivities and relaxation times of some liquids
3 Precautions for filling large metal tanks with low
    conductivity liquids
4 Maximum filling velocities for loading low conductivity
    liquids into road and rail tankers
5 Charge acquired by medium resistivity powders
6 Summary of maximum earthing resistances for the control
    of static electricity
    A.1 Charge build up on medium resistivity powders
    A.2 Values of capacitances for typical conductors
Figures
A.1 Equivalent electrical circuit for an electrostatically
    charged conductor
Annexes (informative)
A Fundamentals of static electricity
B Electrostatic discharges in specific situations
C Flammability and igniting properties of substances
D Classification of hazardous areas
Bibliography

Provides guidance and recommendations for avoidance of ignition and electric shock hazards arising from static electricity. Does not apply to the hazards of static electricity when applied to lightning, damage to electronic components, medical hazards or to handling and care of detonators and explosives.