PD CEN ISO/TR 12489:2016

Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Analysis framework
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
5 Overview and challenges
6 Introduction to modelling and calculations
7 Analytical formulae approach (low demand mode)
8 Boolean and sequential approaches
9 Markovian approach
10 Petri net approach
11 Monte Carlo simulation approach
12 Numerical reliability data uncertainty handling
14 Typical applications
Annex A (informative) - Systems with safety functions
Annex B (informative) - State analysis and failure
        classification
Annex C (informative) - Relationship between failure
        rate conditional and unconditional failure
        intensities and failure frequency
Annex D (informative) - Broad models for demand mode
        (reactive) safety systems
Annex E (informative) - Continuous mode (preventive)
        safety systems
Annex F (informative) - Multi-layers safety systems/multiple
        safety systems
Annex G (informative) - Common cause failures
Annex H (informative) - The human factor
Annex I (informative) - Analytical formulae
Annex J (informative) - Sequential modelling
Annex K (informative) - Overview of calculations with
        Boolean models
Annex L (informative) - Markovian approach
Annex M (informative) - Petri net modelling
Annex N (informative) - Monte Carlo simulation approach
Annex O (informative) - Numerical uncertainties handling
Bibliography

Helps to close the gap between the state-of-the-art and the application of probabilistic calculations for the safety systems of the petroleum petrochemical and natural gas industries.

This Technical Report aims to close the gap between the state-of-the-art and the application of probabilistic calculations for the safety systems of the petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries. It provides guidelines for reliability and safety system analysts and the oil and gas industries to:

1. understand the correct meaning of the definitions used in the reliability field;

2. identify

   • the safety systems which may be concerned,

   • the difficulties encountered when dealing with reliability modelling and calculation of safety systems,

   • the relevant probabilistic parameters to be considered;

3. be informed of effective solutions overcoming the encountered difficulties and allowing to undertake the calculations of relevant probabilistic parameters;

4. obtain sufficient knowledge of the principles and framework (e.g. the modelling power and limitations) of the well-established approaches currently used in the reliability field:

   • analytical formulae;[1][2][13]

   • Boolean:

     1. reliability block diagrams;[4]

     2. fault trees;[5]

   • sequential: event trees,[8] cause consequence diagrams[10] and LOPA;[9]

   • Markovian;[6]

   • Petri nets;[7]

   • obtain sufficient knowledge of the principles of probabilistic evaluations:

   • analytical calculations (e.g. performed on Boolean or Markovian models);[1][2][3]

   • and Monte Carlo simulation (e.g. performed on Petri nets[7]);

   • select an approach suitable with the complexity of the related safety system and the reliability study which is undertaken;

   • handle safety and dependability (e.g. for production assurance purpose, see 3.1.1) within the same reliability framework.

The elementary approaches (e.g. PHA, HAZID, HAZOP, FMECA) are out of the scope of this Technical Report. Yet they are of utmost importance and ought to be applied first as their results provide the input information essential to properly undertake the implementation of the approaches described in this Technical Report: analytical formulae, Boolean approaches (reliability block diagrams, fault trees, event trees, etc.), Markov graphs and Petri nets.