IEC 60904-3:2016
Superseded
Superseded
A superseded Standard is one, which is fully replaced by another Standard, which is a new edition of the same Standard.
View Superseded by
Photovoltaic devices - Part 3: Measurement principles for terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) solar devices with reference spectral irradiance data
Available format(s)
Hardcopy , PDF , PDF 3 Users , PDF 5 Users , PDF 9 Users
Superseded date
12-31-2021
Superseded by
Language(s)
English - French
Published date
04-15-2016
Publisher
Important note : All end users must be registered with an Account prior to user licenses being assigned.
FOREWORD
1 Scope and object
2 Normative references
3 Measurement principles
4 Reference solar spectral irradiance distribution
Annex A (informative) - Use of SMARTS
Bibliography
IEC 60904-3:2016 describes basic measurement principles for determining the electrical output of PV devices. The principles given in this standard are designed to relate the performance rating of PV devices to a common reference terrestrial solar spectral irradiance distribution. The reference terrestrial solar spectral irradiance distribution is given in this standard in order to classify solar simulators according to the spectral performance requirements contained in IEC 60904-9. The principles contained in this standard cover testing in both natural and simulated sunlight. This new edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- the direct beam irradiance corresponding to the global irradiance was included;
- the term "Global photon irradiance" was changed to "Global photon flux";
- the titles of some clauses have been changed (others have been added) in accordance with the usual structure of IEC standards.
| Committee |
TC 82
|
| DevelopmentNote |
Available in zip format includes PDF & Spreadsheet. Stability date: 2019. (04/2016)
|
| DocumentType |
Standard
|
| Pages |
118
|
| PublisherName |
International Electrotechnical Committee
|
| Status |
Superseded
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| SupersededBy | |
| Supersedes |
| Standards | Relationship |
| NF EN 60904-3 : 2016 | Identical |
| DIN EN IEC 60904-3:2020 | Identical |
| VDE 0126-4-3:2020-01 | Identical |
| BS EN IEC 60904-3:2019 | Identical |
| NEN EN IEC 60904-3 : 2016 | Identical |
| VDE 0126-4-3 : 2017 | Identical |
| DIN EN 60904-3 : 2017 | Identical |
| EN 60904-3:2016 | Identical |
| EN IEC 60904-3:2019 | Identical |
| CEI EN 60904-3 : 2009 | Identical |
| SN EN 60904-3:2016 | Identical |
| NBN EN 60904-3 : 2016 | Identical |
| BS EN 60904-3:2016 | Identical |
| PNE-FprEN 60904-3 | Identical |
| UNE-EN 60904-3:2009 | Identical |
| BIS IS 12762-3 : 2013 | Identical |
| BS EN 60904-3:2008 | Identical |
| UNE-EN 60904-3:2016 | Identical |
| EN IEC 61730-1:2018/AC:2018-06 | PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) MODULE SAFETY QUALIFICATION - PART 1: REQUIREMENTS FOR CONSTRUCTION (IEC 61730-1:2016) |
| UNE-EN 62670-1:2014 | Photovoltaic concentrators (CPV) - Performance testing - Part 1: Standard conditions |
| EN 62387-1:2012 | Radiation protection instrumentation - Passive integrating dosimetry systems for environmental and personal monitoring - Part 1: General characteristics and performance requirements |
| EN 61215-2 : 2017 COR 2018 | TERRESTRIAL PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) MODULES - DESIGN QUALIFICATION AND TYPE APPROVAL - PART 2: TEST PROCEDURES (IEC 61215-2:2016/COR1:2018) |
| EN 62817:2015/A1:2017 | PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS - DESIGN QUALIFICATION OF SOLAR TRACKERS (IEC 62817:2014/A1:2017) |
| EN 61829:2016 | Photovoltaic (PV) array - On-site measurement of current-voltage characteristics |
| EN 62670-3:2017 | Photovoltaic concentrators (CPV) - Performance testing - Part 3: Performance measurements and power rating |
| EN 50380:2017 | Marking and documentation requirements for Photovoltaic Modules |
| PD IEC/TS 62788-2:2017 | Measurement procedures for materials used in photovoltaic modules Polymeric materials. Frontsheets and backsheets |
| EN 61215-1:2016 | Terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules - Design qualification and type approval - Part 1: Test requirements |
| CLC/TS 50539-12:2013 | Low-voltage surge protective devices - Surge protective devices for specific application including d.c. - Part 12: Selection and application principles - SPDs connected to photovoltaic installations |
| NBR 10899 : 2013 | PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR ENERGY - TERMINOLOGY |
| EN 61724-1:2017 | Photovoltaic system performance - Part 1: Monitoring |
| BS EN 62670-1:2014 | Photovoltaic concentrators (CPV). Performance testing Standard conditions |
| PD IEC/TS 62789:2014 | Photovoltaic concentrator cell documentation |
| EN 61646:2008 | THIN-FILM TERRESTRIAL PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) MODULES - DESIGN QUALIFICATION AND TYPE APPROVAL |
| EN 60904-1:2006 | PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES - PART 1: MEASUREMENT OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS |
| EN 62670-1:2014 | Photovoltaic concentrators (CPV) - Performance testing - Part 1: Standard conditions |
| EN 60904-10:2010 | Photovoltaic devices - Part 10: Methods of linearity measurement |
| EN 60904-2:2015 | Photovoltaic devices - Part 2: Requirements for photovoltaic reference devices |
| UNE-EN 61215-1:2017 | Terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules - Design qualification and type approval - Part 1: Test requirements |
| EN 60904-7:2009 | Photovoltaic devices - Part 7: Computation of the spectral mismatch correction for measurements of photovoltaic devices |
| EN 61215:2005 | Crystalline silicon terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules - Design qualification and type approval |
| EN 62093:2005 | Balance-of-system components for photovoltaic systems - Design qualification natural environments |
| HD 60364-7-712:2016 | Low-voltage electrical installations - Part 7-712: Requirements for special installations or locations - Photovoltaic (PV) systems |
| EN 61853-1:2011 | Photovoltaic (PV) module performance testing and energy rating - Part 1: Irradiance and temperature performance measurements and power rating |
| EN 60904-4:2009 | Photovoltaic devices - Part 4: Reference solar devices - Procedures for establishing calibration traceability |
| BS EN 61853-1:2011 | Photovoltaic (PV) module performance testing and energy rating Irradiance and temperature performance measurements and power rating |
| EN 60904-8:2014 | Photovoltaic devices - Part 8: Measurement of spectral responsivity of a photovoltaic (PV) device |
| EN 62805-2:2017 | Method for measuring photovoltaic (PV) glass - Part 2: Measurement of transmittance and reflectance |
| EN IEC 62688:2018 | Concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) modules and assemblies - Safety qualification |
| EN 60904-1-1:2017 | Photovoltaic devices - Part 1-1: Measurement of current-voltage characteristics of multi-junction photovoltaic (PV) devices |
| EN 62805-1:2017 | Method for measuring photovoltaic (PV) glass - Part 1: Measurement of total haze and spectral distribution of haze |
| CLC/TS 61836:2009 | Solar photovoltaic energy systems - Terms, definitions and symbols |
| EN 61345:1998 | UV test for photovoltaic (PV) modules |
| IEC TS 62257-7-1:2010 | Recommendations for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification - Part 7-1: Generators - Photovoltaic generators |
| BIS IS 16077 : 2013 | THIN-FILM TERRESTRIAL PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) MODULES - DESIGN QUALIFICATION AND TYPE APPROVAL |
| UNE-EN 62788-1-4:2017 | Measurement procedures for materials used in photovoltaic modules - Part 1-4: Encapsulants - Measurement of optical transmittance and calculation of the solar-weighted photon transmittance, yellowness index, and UV cut-off wavelength |
| IEC 62093:2005 | Balance-of-system components for photovoltaic systems - Design qualification natural environments |
| ISO 15387:2005 | Space systems Single-junction solar cells Measurements and calibration procedures |
| BS EN 50380:2017 | Marking and documentation requirements for Photovoltaic Modules |
| BS EN 60904-9:2007 | Photovoltaic devices Solar simulator performance requirements |
| DD CLC/TS 61836:2009 | Solar photovoltaic energy systems. Terms, definitions and symbols |
| DD CLC/TS 50539-12:2010 | Low-voltage surge protective devices. Surge protective devices for specific application including d.c. Selection and application principles. SPDs connected to photovoltaic installations |
| BS EN 60904-1:2006 | Photovoltaic devices Measurement of photovoltaic current-voltage characteristics |
| BIS IS 16149 : 2014 | UV TEST FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) MODULES |
| IEC 62817:2014+AMD1:2017 CSV | Photovoltaic systems - Design qualification of solar trackers |
| BS EN 60904-10:2010 | Photovoltaic devices Methods of linearity measurement |
| IEC TS 62788-2:2017 | Measurement procedures for materials used in photovoltaic modules - Part 2: Polymeric materials - Frontsheets and backsheets |
| BS EN 61215-1:2016 | Terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules. Design qualification and type approval Test requirements |
| IEC 61066:2006 | Thermoluminescence dosimetry systems for personal and environmental monitoring |
| BS EN 50461:2006 | Solar cells. Datasheet information and product data for crystalline silicon solar cells |
| BS EN 61345:1998 | UV test for photovoltaic (PV) modules |
| CSA C62817 : 2015 | PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS - DESIGN QUALIFICATION OF SOLAR TRACKERS |
| BS EN 62387:2016 | Radiation protection instrumentation. Passive integrating dosimetry systems for individual, workplace and environmental monitoring of photon and beta radiation |
| BS EN 61215:2005 | Crystalline silicon terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules. Design qualification and type approval |
| IEC 60904-2:2015 RLV | Photovoltaic devices - Part 2: Requirements for photovoltaic reference devices |
| BS EN 60904-2:2015 | Photovoltaic devices Requirements for photovoltaic reference devices |
| IEC 62805-1:2017 | Method for measuring photovoltaic (PV) glass - Part 1: Measurement of total haze and spectral distribution of haze |
| IEC 61643-32:2017 | Low-voltage surge protective devices - Part 32: Surge protective devices connected to the d.c. side of photovoltaic installations - Selection and application principles |
| IEC 60364-7-712:2017 | Low voltage electrical installations - Part 7-712: Requirements for special installations or locations - Solar photovoltaic (PV) power supply systems |
| IEC 62805-2:2017 | Method for measuring photovoltaic (PV) glass - Part 2: Measurement of transmittance and reflectance |
| BIS IS 12834 : 2013 | SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY SYSTEMS - TERMS, DEFINITIONS AND SYMBOLS |
| IEC TS 62789:2014 | Photovoltaic concentrator cell documentation |
| IEC TS 62989:2018 | Primary optics for concentrator photovoltaic systems |
| IEC 60904-1:2006 | Photovoltaic devices - Part 1: Measurement of photovoltaic current-voltage characteristics |
| IEC 62387-1:2007 | Radiation protection instrumentation - Passive integrating dosimetry systems for environmental and personal monitoring - Part 1: General characteristics and performance requirements |
| IEC 61215:2005 | Crystalline silicon terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules - Design qualification and type approval |
| BIS IS 12762-10 : 2010(R2013) | PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES - PART 10: METHODS OF LINEARITY MEASUREMENT |
| BIS IS 12762-7 : 2013 | PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES - PART 7: COMPUTATION OF THE SPECTRAL MISMATCH CORRECTION FOR MEASUREMENTS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES |
| IEC TS 62941:2016 | Terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules - Guideline for increased confidence in PV module design qualification and type approval |
| IEC 61730-1:2016 | Photovoltaic (PV) module safety qualification - Part 1: Requirements for construction |
| IEC 62670-1:2013 | Photovoltaic concentrators (CPV) - Performance testing - Part 1: Standard conditions |
| PD CLC/TS 50539-12:2013 | Low-voltage surge protective devices. Surge protective devices for specific application including d.c. Selection and application principles. SPDs connected to photovoltaic installations |
| BS EN 62788-1-4:2016 | Measurement procedures for materials used in photovoltaic modules Encapsulants. Measurement of optical transmittance and calculation of the solar-weighted photon transmittance, yellowness index, and UV cut-off wavelength |
| UNE-EN 61829:2016 | Photovoltaic (PV) array - On-site measurement of current-voltage characteristics |
| UNE-EN 60904-8:2015 | Photovoltaic devices - Part 8: Measurement of spectral responsivity of a photovoltaic (PV) device |
| IEC 61853-1:2011 | Photovoltaic (PV) module performance testing and energy rating - Part 1: Irradiance and temperature performance measurements and power rating |
| IEC TS 62788-7-2:2017 | Measurement procedures for materials used in photovoltaic modules - Part 7-2: Environmental exposures - Accelerated weathering tests of polymeric materials |
| EN 62788-1-4:2016 | Measurement procedures for materials used in photovoltaic modules - Part 1-4: Encapsulants - Measurement of optical transmittance and calculation of the solar-weighted photon transmittance, yellowness index, and UV cut-off wavelength |
| BS EN 62805-2:2017 | Method for measuring photovoltaic (PV) glass Measurement of transmittance and reflectance |
| BS IEC 62548:2016 | Photovoltaic (PV) arrays. Design requirements |
| BS EN 62387-1:2012 | Radiation protection instrumentation. Passive integrating dosimetry systems for environmental and personal monitoring General characteristics and performance requirements |
| PD IEC/TS 62941:2016 | Terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules. Guidelines for increased confidence in PV module design qualification and type approval |
| IEC TS 61836:2016 RLV | Solar photovoltaic energy systems - Terms, definitions and symbols |
| BS EN 62817 : 2015 | PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS - DESIGN QUALIFICATION OF SOLAR TRACKERS |
| UNE-EN 61853-1:2011 | Photovoltaic (PV) module performance testing and energy rating -- Part 1: Irradiance and temperature performance measurements and power rating |
| UNE-EN 60904-2:2015 | Photovoltaic devices - Part 2: Requirements for photovoltaic reference devices |
| BS EN 60904-4:2009 | Photovoltaic devices Reference solar devices. Procedures for establishing calibration traceability |
| IEC 60904-10:2009 | Photovoltaic devices - Part 10: Methods of linearity measurement |
| IEC 62670-3:2017 | Photovoltaic concentrators (CPV) - Performance testing - Part 3: Performance measurements and power rating |
| IEC 61345:1998 | UV test for photovoltaic (PV) modules |
| IEC 61724-1:2017 | Photovoltaic system performance - Part 1: Monitoring |
| IEC 60904-8:2014 | Photovoltaic devices - Part 8: Measurement of spectral responsivity of a photovoltaic (PV) device |
| IEC 60364-7-712:2017 RLV | Low voltage electrical installations - Part 7-712: Requirements for special installations or locations - Solar photovoltaic (PV) power supply systems |
| BS EN 62670-3:2017 | Photovoltaic concentrators (CPV). Performance testing Performance measurements and power rating |
| BS EN 60904-1-1:2017 | Photovoltaic devices Measurement of current-voltage characteristics of multi-junction photovoltaic (PV) devices |
| BS EN 61215-2:2017 | Terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules. Design qualification and type approval Test procedures |
| BS EN 61829:2016 | Photovoltaic (PV) array. On-site measurement of current-voltage characteristics |
| BS EN 62805-1:2017 | Method for measuring photovoltaic (PV) glass Measurement of total haze and spectral distribution of haze |
| UNE-EN 62817:2016 | Photovoltaic systems - Design qualification of solar trackers |
| BS EN 60904-7:2009 | Photovoltaic devices Computation of the spectral mismatch correction for measurements of photovoltaic devices |
| BS EN 61646:2008 | Thin-film terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules. Design qualification and type approval |
| IEC 61829:2015 | Photovoltaic (PV) array - On-site measurement of current-voltage characteristics |
| PD IEC/TS 61836:2016 | Solar photovoltaic energy systems. Terms, definitions and symbols |
| BS EN 62093:2005 | Balance-of-system components for photovoltaic systems. Design qualification natural environments |
| BS EN 60904-8:2014 | Photovoltaic devices Measurement of spectral responsivity of a photovoltaic (PV) device |
| IEC 61646:2008 | Thin-film terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules - Design qualification and type approval |
| BIS IS 16170-1 : 2014 | PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) MODULE PERFORMANCE TESTING AND ENERGY RATING - PART 1: IRRADIANCE AND TEMPERATURE PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS AND POWER RATING |
| IEC TS 61836:2007 | Solar photovoltaic energy systems - Terms, definitions and symbols |
| PD IEC/TS 62548:2013 | Photovoltaic (PV) arrays. Design requirements |
| S.R. CLC/TS 50539-12:2013 | LOW-VOLTAGE SURGE PROTECTIVE DEVICES - SURGE PROTECTIVE DEVICES FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION INCLUDING D.C. - PART 12: SELECTION AND APPLICATION PRINCIPLES - SPDS CONNECTED TO PHOTOVOLTAIC INSTALLATIONS |
| I.S. HD 60364-7-712:2006 | ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS OF BUILDINGS - PART 7-712: REQUIREMENTS FOR SPECIAL INSTALLATIONS OR LOCATIONS - SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS |
| I.S. EN 60904-9:2007 | PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES - PART 9: SOLAR SIMULATOR PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS |
| I.S. EN 50380:2017 | MARKING AND DOCUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES |
| EN 62387:2016 | RADIATION PROTECTION INSTRUMENTATION - PASSIVE INTEGRATING DOSIMETRY SYSTEMS FOR INDIVIDUAL, WORKPLACE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING OF PHOTON AND BETA RADIATION (IEC 62387:2012, MODIFIED) |
| I.S. EN 60904-1:2006 | PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES - PART 1: MEASUREMENT OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS |
| UNE-EN 60904-4:2011 | Photovoltaic devices - Part 4: Reference solar devices - Procedures for establishing calibration traceability |
| PD IEC/TS 62788-7-2:2017 | Measurement procedures for materials used in photovoltaic modules Environmental exposures. Accelerated weathering tests of polymeric materials |
| I.S. EN 61724-1:2017 | PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM PERFORMANCE - PART 1: MONITORING |
| EN 50461:2006 | Solar cells - Datasheet information and product data for crystalline silicon solar cells |
| I.S. EN 61646:2008 | THIN-FILM TERRESTRIAL PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) MODULES - DESIGN QUALIFICATION AND TYPE APPROVAL |
| I.S. EN IEC 61730-1:2018 | PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) MODULE SAFETY QUALIFICATION - PART 1: REQUIREMENTS FOR CONSTRUCTION |
| I.S. EN 60904-4:2009 | PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES - PART 4: REFERENCE SOLAR DEVICES - PROCEDURES FOR ESTABLISHING CALIBRATION TRACEABILITY |
| I.S. EN 60904-2:2015 | PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES - PART 2: REQUIREMENTS FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC REFERENCE DEVICES |
| OVE/ONORM EN 60904-9 : 2008 | PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES - PART 9: SOLAR SIMULATOR PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS |
| S.R. HD 60364-7-712:2016 | LOW-VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS - PART 7-712: REQUIREMENTS FOR SPECIAL INSTALLATIONS OR LOCATIONS - PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) SYSTEMS |
| I.S. EN 61215:2005 | CRYSTALLINE SILICON TERRESTRIAL PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) MODULES - DESIGN QUALIFICATION AND TYPE APPROVAL |
| OVE/ONORM EN 62093 : 2006 | BALANCE-OF-SYSTEM COMPONENTS FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS - DESIGN QUALIFICATION NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS |
| I.S. EN 62788-1-4:2016 | MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES FOR MATERIALS USED IN PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES - PART 1-4: ENCAPSULANTS - MEASUREMENT OF OPTICAL TRANSMITTANCE AND CALCULATION OF THE SOLAR-WEIGHTED PHOTON TRANSMITTANCE, YELLOWNESS INDEX, AND UV CUT-OFF WAVELENGTH |
| S.R. CLC/TS 61836:2009 | SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY SYSTEMS - TERMS, DEFINITIONS AND SYMBOLS |
| I.S. EN 61215-2:2017 | TERRESTRIAL PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) MODULES - DESIGN QUALIFICATION AND TYPE APPROVAL - PART 2: TEST PROCEDURES |
| I.S. EN 62817:2015 | PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS - DESIGN QUALIFICATION OF SOLAR TRACKERS |
| I.S. EN 60904-7:2009 | PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES - PART 7: COMPUTATION OF THE SPECTRAL MISMATCH CORRECTION FOR MEASUREMENTS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES |
| I.S. EN 60904-8:2014 | PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES - PART 8: MEASUREMENT OF SPECTRAL RESPONSIVITY OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) DEVICE |
| I.S. EN 61215-1:2016 | TERRESTRIAL PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) MODULES - DESIGN QUALIFICATION AND TYPE APPROVAL - PART 1: TEST REQUIREMENTS |
| UNE-HD 60364-7-712:2017 | Low-voltage electrical installations - Part 7-712: Requirements for special installations or locations - Photovoltaic (PV) systems |
| I.S. EN 61345:1999 | UV TEST FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) MODULES |
| I.S. EN 60904-10:2010 | PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES - PART 10: METHODS OF LINEARITY MEASUREMENT |
| I.S. EN 62093:2005 | BALANCE-OF-SYSTEM COMPONENTS FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS - DESIGN QUALIFICATION NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS |
| IEC 60904-1:2006 | Photovoltaic devices - Part 1: Measurement of photovoltaic current-voltage characteristics |
| IEC 60904-5:2011 | Photovoltaic devices - Part 5: Determination of the equivalent cell temperature (ECT) of photovoltaic (PV) devices by the open-circuit voltage method |
| IEC 60904-9:2007 | Photovoltaic devices - Part 9: Solar simulator performance requirements |
| IEC 60904-8:2014 | Photovoltaic devices - Part 8: Measurement of spectral responsivity of a photovoltaic (PV) device |
| AS/NZS IEC 61829:2020 | Photovoltaic (PV) array - On-site measurement of current-voltage characteristics |
| IEC 60904-2:2015 RLV | Photovoltaic devices - Part 2: Requirements for photovoltaic reference devices |
| IEC 60904-7:2008 | Photovoltaic devices - Part 7: Computation of the spectral mismatch correction for measurements of photovoltaic devices |
| AS/NZS 61724.1:2020 | Photovoltaic system performance Monitoring (IEC 61724-1:2017, MOD) |
| IEC 60891:2009 | Photovoltaic devices - Procedures for temperature and irradiance corrections to measured I-V characteristics |
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