CEN/TR 15310-1:2006

Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Terms and definitions
3 Specify the objective of the Testing Programme
4 Develop the technical goals from the objective
  4.1 General
  4.2 Define the population to be sampled
      4.2.1 General
      4.2.2 Overall population
      4.2.3 Population
      4.2.4 Sub-population
      4.2.5 Examples
  4.3 Assess variability
      4.3.1 General
      4.3.2 Spatial variability
      4.3.3 Temporal variability
      4.3.4 Random variability
  4.4 Select the sampling approach
      4.4.1 General
      4.4.2 Probabilistic
      4.4.3 Judgemental sampling
  4.5 Identify the scale
  4.6 Choose the required statistical parameter
  4.7 Choose the desired reliability
      4.7.1 General
      4.7.2 Precision and Confidence
      4.7.3 Errors in the Testing Programme
5 Determine the Practical Instructions
  5.1 General
  5.2 Sampling pattern
      5.2.1 General
      5.2.2 Simple random sampling
      5.2.3 Stratified random sampling
      5.2.4 Systematic sampling
      5.2.5 Judgemental sampling
  5.3 Determine the increment and sample size (mass/volume)
      5.3.1 General
      5.3.2 Liquids
      5.3.3 Powders and
      5.3.4 Particulate/granular materials
  5.4 The use of composite versus individual samples
  5.5 Determine the required number of increments and samples
6 Define the Sampling Plan
Annex A The scale
    A.1 Scale
    A.2 Fundamental variability
Annex B Statistical methods for characterising a population
    B.1 Terms and Definitions
    B.2 Probability distributions
    B.3 Statistical parameters
Annex C Calculating the required numbers of increments and samples
    C.1 Notation
    C.2 Estimating a mean concentration
    C.3 Estimating a standard deviation
    C.4 Estimating a percentile
    C.5 Estimating a percentage compliance with a given limit
Annex D Minimum increment and sample size (mass/volume)
    D.1 Estimation of increment and sample size
    D.2 Determination of the number of increments and/or samples
    D.3 Calculation of the actual increment and/or sample size
Annex E Example sampling scenarios
    E.1 Sampling scenarios
    E.2 Example 1: Waste producer to carry out a basic
         characterisation on the concentration of Cr[6+] in a
         waste liquid during discharge to the on-site lagoon
    E.3 Example 2: Waste producer to undertake a regular
         compliance testing programme to check conformance
         with data obtained from the basic characterisation
    E.4 Example 3: Regulator to undertake an on-site
         verification of supernatant liquid in the hazardous
         waste lagoon
    E.5 Example 4: Waste producer to carry out a basic
         characterisation on the concentration of Cr[6+] in a
         waste liquid held in drum storage at the factory,
         for disposal purposes
    E.6 Example 5: Waste producer to carry out a compliance
         testing of the Cr[6+] concentration of waste liquid held
         in drums prior to disposal, against a permitted mean
         limit of 100 mg/l
    E.7 Example 6: Carrier or Disposal company to carry out
         an on-site verification of drums containing Cr-contaminated
         liquid sludge prior to treatment
    E.8 Example 7: Carrier or Disposal Company to carry out
         an on-site verification of the contents of tankers
         containing Cr6+ contaminated liquid sludge prior to
         treatment
    E.9 Example 8: Treatment plant operator applying basic
         characterisation to identify variability of Cr[6+]
         in a treated waste using a two-step leaching test
         at LS 2 and LS 8
    E.10 Example 9: Treatment plant operator to perform
         compliance testing to determine whether the treated
         hazardous waste complies with a limit determined on
         the basis of the basic characterisation, using a
         combined one-step leaching test at LS10
    E.11 Example 10: On-site verification
    E.12 Example 11: Compliance testing
    E.13 Example 12: On-site verification
    E.14 Example 13: On-site verification
    E.15 Example 14: Basic characterisation
Bibliography

This Technical Report discusses the statistical principles of sampling, and provides a number of statistical tools to assist in the design of testing programmes for application to sampling under various conditions. NOTE 1Given the great variety of waste types, sampling situations and objectives, this Technical Report cannot provide definitive instructions that cover all scenarios. Instead, it discusses the basic statistical approach to be followed, and provides statistical tools that can be applied to determine the amount and type of sampling (e.g. number of samples and sample size) in any given situation to achieve results of adequate reliability (i.e. precision and confidence). NOTE 2The document provides considerable detail on current best practice, but is not exhaustive.NOTE 3To clarify the text, the document provides a number of worked examples.