BS 4485-4:1975

Co-operating organizations
Foreword
Specification
1 Scope
2 Definitions
3 Loadings (hyperbolic cooling towers)
3.1 Primary loadings
3.2 Superimposed loadings
3.3 Constructional loadings
4 Loadings (mechanical draught cooling towers)
4.1 Primary loadings
4.2 Superimposed loadings
4.3 Constructional loadings
5 Design considerations (hyperbolic cooling towers)
5.1 Size, shape, siting and spacing
5.2 Basis of design
5.3 Design of sheel support columns
5.4 Effect of temperature and moisture variations
5.5 Buckling of shells
5.6 Openings in shells
5.7 Vibration characteristics of shells
5.8 Cover to shell reinforcement
5.9 Minimum shell reinforcement
6 Hyperbolic shell geometry
6.1 General
6.2 Setting out
6.3 Tolerances
6.4 Checking of shell
6.5 Adjustment to shell
6.6 Acceptance of deviations from the design shell
      geometry
7 Design considerations (mechanical draught cooling
      towers)
7.1 Size, shape, siting and spacing
7.2 Basis of design
7.3 Effect of temperature and moisture variations
8 Materials (hyperbolic and mechanical draught
      cooling towers)
8.1 Concrete
8.2 Steel
8.3 Prestressing
8.4 Precast concrete components
8.5 Lightning protection
8.6 Structural timber
8.7 Asbestos-cement materials
8.8 Plastics materials
8.9 General hardware in cooling towers
8.10 Protective coatings and paints
8.11 Adhesives
9 Pack support structures
9.1 Function
9.2 Types
9.3 Materials
9.4 Structural considerations
9.5 Loadings
9.6 Design
9.7 Construction
10 Packings, water distribution system and
      eliminators
10.1 Packings
10.2 Water distribution pipework
10.3 Eliminators
11 Water retaining structures
11.1 Design of prestressed and reinforced concrete
      structures
11.2 Loading (construction)
11.3 Pressure loadings
11.4 Construction
11.5 Penstocks
11.6 Damboards
11.7 Screens
11.8 Isolating valves
11.9 Testing
12 Foundations
12.1 Foundations for shell
12.2 Foundations for cold water basin and pack support
      structure
13 Inspection maintenance
Appendices
A Testing of reinforced concrete and prestressed
      concrete culverts designed to CP 2007
B Requirements for stress graded timber triangular
      section laths
C Design calculations relating to vibration
      characteristics of cooling tower shells (see 5.7)
D Bibliography for linear thin shell theories and
      numerical analysis
Tables
1 Force coefficients (fan casing wind loading)
2 Permissible knot size for a 38 mm x 38 mm lath
Figures
1 Pressure coefficient distribution for
      determination of wind loading
2 Natural draught (mixed or counterflow) cooling
      tower
3 Arrangement of reinforcement trimming for holes in
      shells
4 Typical arrangement of tower shell, columns, cold
      water basin wall and piles
5 Splay knot
6 Arris knot
7 Face knot

Applicable to the design and construction on site of natural draught hyperbolic concrete shell and mechanical draught concrete and timber structure towers.