BS 1427:2009

Foreword
Section 1: General
1.1 Scope
1.2 Normative references
1.3 Terms and definitions
1.4 Information on MCERTS performance standards and
     test procedures for water test-kits
Section 2: Physical and chemical test methods: general
           information
2.1 Health and safety
2.2 Training, supervision and associated needs
2.3 Test facilities
2.4 Sampling, sampling preservation and sample pre-treatment
     considerations
2.5 Selection and application of test methods
2.6 Apparatus and equipment
2.7 Reagents
Section 3: Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC)
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Causes of "unfit-for-purpose" results
3.3 Confidence interval considerations
3.4 Method validation (assessing method performance
     characteristics)
3.5 Routine quality control
3.6 Target test-kit requirements
3.7 Concentration ranges of methods
3.8 Interferences
Section 4: Titrimetric methods for use in a designated
           room/area testing facility
4.1 Determination of alkalinity
4.2 Determination of calcium and total hardness
4.3 Determination of chloride
4.4 Determination of free carbon dioxide
4.5 Determination of nitrite
4.6 Determination of sulfate
4.7 Determination of sulfite
4.8 Determination of zinc
Section 5: Instrumental methods
5.1 Determination of dissolved oxygen
5.2 Determination of electrical conductivity
5.3 Determination of pH
5.4 Determination of total dissolved solids
5.5 Determination of turbidity
5.6 Ion selective electrodes (ISEs)
Section 6: Some designated room/area testing facility methods
6.1 General
6.2 Determination of oxidized nitrogen
6.3 Determination of biological oxygen demand
6.4 Chemical oxidation demand with dichromate
6.5 Chemical oxidation with manganese(III)
6.6 Chemical oxidation with permanganate
6.7 Total organic carbon
6.8 Total nitrogen
6.9 Determination of metals
6.10 Determination of organic compounds
Annexes
Annex A (informative) - Guidance on training, supervision and
        associated needs
Annex B (informative) - Example of a documented test-kit method
        and associated sampling protocol for a colorimetric
        method
Annex C (informative) - Typical expected result confidence
        intervals from a given QC solution, from a range of
        test-kits from two manufacturers
Annex D (informative) - An example of target test-kit requirements
        for a COD test-kit used in a designated room/area testing
        facility
Annex E (informative) - An example of target test-kit requirements
        for a free and total chlorine test-kit used on-site at
        the sampling location
Annex F (informative) - An example of routine QA/QC documentation
        for a COD test
Annex G (informative) - An example of routine QA/QC documentation
        for a free and total chlorine test
Annex H (informative) - An example of a typical Shewhart control
        chart and a blank Shewhart control chart
Annex I (informative) - Test-kit methods overview
Annex J (informative) - Summary of test-kits
Annex K (informative) - Indication of availability of visual test
        sticks for semi-quantitative determinations
Bibliography

Explains information and guidance on test methods for the analysis of industrial and other waters, which are applicable outside of a conventional laboratory as either in situ on-site tests; or the use of a close suitable designated room/area testing facility.

COMMENTARY ON 1.1. Emergency screening analysis for major pollution incidents is not covered. Information on this is available via the US EPA which has set up an Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Programme [1] and published a series of verification reports developed for each verified technology. The reports contain the performance verification test results and meet the ETV programme’s stringent quality assurance and peer review requirements for a wide range of advanced monitoring systems for water analysis mainly directed to emergency incidents. Further information on rapid analytical response issues in emergency situations is available (Thompson and O’Neill, 2006 [2] and Thompson, 2009 [3]). This British Standard describes information and guidance on test methods for the analysis of industrial and other waters which are applicable outside of a conventional laboratory as either in situ on-site tests; or the use of a close suitable designated room/area testing facility. For some tests this could include dedicated space in a designated vehicle or caravan. These test methods can relate to compliance, water quality and process control purposes. No recommendation is given as to which test is applicable to a particular type of water, nor is it implied that in any given case all tests or any particular suite of tests are necessary. The selection of tests depends on local requirements and conditions. Samples requiring preservation for subsequent analysis are outside of the scope of this British Standard. Certain tests such as adsorbable organic halides (AOX), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen need a suitable designated test room/area facility and are not considered suitable for testing outside of these designated areas. Sample stability is not considered to be a significant problem as most test-kit measurements are carried out with minimal delay. Most of the methods described in this standard can be applicable for use on clean or lightly polluted waters which might have undergone treatment or been modified for industrial use. Typically, the types of waters for which the tests are intended include the following: boiler waters; cooling waters; waters from hot water systems; waters from air conditioning systems; waters from industrial air washing systems; potable waters; ground waters; surface waters; process waters; and swimming pool waters. Certain more heavily polluted waters can be routinely tested for certain control purposes for specific determinands using the test methods cited in this British Standard. Such waters include: sewage works influents and effluents; selected industrial effluents. Emergency screening analysis for major pollution incidents is not covered (see commentary). The on-site methods outlined in this British Standard include titrimetric, colorimetric and instrumental analytical techniques and also includes consideration of commercial test-kits: their general principles and formats available. It is generally accepted that in the UK, the vast majority of on-site measurements are carried out using commercial test-kits rather than user-devised test-kit type methods following similar equivalent method procedures to those used in conventional laboratories. Also the designated room/area testing facility titrimetric methods described in Section4 of this standard might require staff with a greater degree of training than commercial test-kit titrimetric methods which can be readily used outside of these areas. These methods are less likely to be used by non-analysts than the more robust test-kit titrimetric methods. The technique used and principle of the designated room/area testing facility titrimetric method are described within each test method and each method is self-contained within a standard format. This British Standard does not apply to radioactivity, ecotoxicity (See Persoone et al., 2000 [4]) or microbiological testing. Spot tests are not covered (Jungris, 1997 [5]). Many of the relevant methods are suitable for analysis for the water framework directive (see Note and SWIFT 2003 [6]), water for human consumption (see Note) and for monitoring of discharges to water and sewer (EA, 2006 [7] and Dixon and Gardner, 1997 [8]). NOTE EC 2000 [9] is known as ‘the water framework directive; EC 1998 [10], The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2000 [11] and DWI [12] relate to water for human consumption.