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AS 3600 SUPP 1-1994

Superseded

Superseded

A superseded Standard is one, which is fully replaced by another Standard, which is a new edition of the same Standard.

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Concrete structures - Commentary (Supplement to AS 3600-1994)

Available format(s)

Hardcopy , PDF 1 User , PDF 3 Users , PDF 5 Users , PDF 9 Users

Superseded date

05-27-2024

Superseded by

AS 3600-2009 Supp 1:2014

Language(s)

English

Published date

10-10-1994

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1 - AS 3600 Supp1-1994 CONCRETE STRUCTURES-COMMENTARY (SUPPLEMENT TO AS 3600-1994)
4 - PREFACE
6 - CONTENTS
10 - SECTION C1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
10 - C1.1 SCOPE AND APPLICATION
10 - C1.1.1 Scope
10 - C1.1.2 Application
10 - C1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
10 - C1.3 INTERPRETATIONS AND USE OF ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS OR METHODS
11 - C1.4 DESIGN
11 - C1.5 CONSTRUCTION
11 - C1.6 DEFINITIONS
11 - C1.6.3 Technical definitions
12 - C1.7 NOTATION
21 - SECTION C2 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES
21 - C2.1 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
21 - C2.3 DESIGN FOR STRENGTH
22 - C2.4 DESIGN FOR SERVICEABILITY
22 - C2.4.1 General
22 - C2.4.2 Deflection limits for beams and slabs
23 - C2.4.3 Lateral drift
23 - C2.4.4 Cracking
23 - C2.4.5 Vibration
23 - C2.6 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY
23 - C2.7 DESIGN FOR FIRE RESISTANCE
24 - C2.8 OTHER DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
26 - SECTION C3 LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR STABILITY, STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY
26 - C3.1 LOADS AND OTHER ACTIONS
26 - C3.1.1 Loads
26 - C3.1.2 Construction loads
26 - C3.1.3 Other actions
26 - C3.2 LOAD COMBINATION FOR STABILITY DESIGN
26 - C3.3 LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR STRENGTH DESIGN
28 - SECTION C4 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY
28 - C4.1 APPLICATION OF SECTION
29 - C4.2 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY
30 - C4.3 EXPOSURE CLASSIFICATION
32 - C4.4 REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE FOR EXPOSURE CLASSIFICATIONS A1 AND A2
32 - C4.5 REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE FOR EXPOSURE CLASSIFICATIONS B1, B2 AND C
33 - C4.6 REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE FOR EXPOSURE CLASSIFICATION U
33 - C4.7 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ABRASION
33 - C4.8 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR FREEZING AND THAWING
34 - C4.9 RESTRICTION ON CHEMICAL CONTENT IN CONCRETE
34 - C4.9.1 Restriction on chloride-ion content for corrosion protection
34 - C4.9.2 Restriction on sulfate content
34 - C4.9.3 Restriction on other salts
34 - C4.10 REQUIREMENTS FOR COVER TO REINFORCING STEEL AND TENDONS
34 - C4.10.2 Cover for concrete placement
34 - C4.10.3 Cover for corrosion protection
37 - SECTION C5 DESIGN FOR FIRE RESISTANCE
37 - C5.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
39 - C5.2 DEFINITIONS
39 - C5.3 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
39 - C5.3.3 Spalling of beams and columns
39 - C5.3.4 Methods for determining fire-resistance periods
40 - C5.4 FIRE-RESISTANCE PERIODS FOR BEAMS
40 - C5.4.1 Insulation and integrity for beams
40 - C5.4.2 Structural adequacy for beams incorporated in roof or floor systems
41 - C5.4.3 Structural adequacy for beams exposed to fire on all sides
42 - C5.4.4 Increasing fire-resistance period by insulating materials
42 - C5.5 FIRE-RESISTANCE PERIODS FOR SLABS
42 - C5.5.1 Insulation for slab
42 - C5.5.3 Structural adequacy for slabs
42 - C5.5.4 Increasing fire-resistance period by insulating materials
42 - C5.6 FIRE-RESISTANCEPERIODS FOR COLUMNS
42 - C5.6.1 General
42 - C5.7 FIRE-RESISTANCE PERIODS FOR WALLS
42 - C5.7.2 Insulation for walls
42 - C5.7.4 Structural adequacy for walls
43 - C5.8 FIRE-RESISTANCE PERIODS FROM FIRE TESTS
43 - C5.8.2 Load-bearing members tested under load
43 - C5.8.3 Beams, slabs and columns tested as non-loaded members
43 - C5.9 CALCULATION OF FIRE TEST PERFORMANCE
43 - C5.10 INCREASE OF FIRE-RESISTANCE PERIODS BY USE OF INSULATING MATERIALS
47 - SECTION C6 DESIGN PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
47 - C6.1 PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
47 - C6.1.1 Strength
47 - C6.1.2 Modulus of elasticity
47 - C6.1.3 Density
47 - C6.1.4 Stress-strain curves
49 - C6.1.5 Poisson's ratio
50 - C6.1.7 Shrinkage
51 - C6.1.8 Creep
53 - C6.2 PROPERTIES OF REINFORCEMENT
53 - C6.2.1 Strength
53 - C6.2.3 Stress-strain curves
54 - C6.3 PROPERTIES OF TENDONS
54 - C6.3.1 Strength
54 - C6.3.2 Modulus of elasticity
54 - C6.3.3 Stress-strain curves
54 - C6.3.4 Relaxation of tendons
56 - C6.4 LOSS OF PRESTRESS
56 - C6.4.1 General
56 - C6.4.2 Immediate loss of prestress
57 - C6.4.3 Time-dependent losses of prestress
61 - SECTION C7 METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
61 - C7.1 METHODS OF ANALYSIS
61 - C7.1.2 Definitions
62 - C7.2 SIMPLIFIED METHOD FOR REINFORCED CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND ONE-WAY SLABS
62 - C7.3 SIMPLIFIED METHOD FOR REINFORCED TWO-WAY SLABS SUPPORTED ON FOUR SIDES
62 - C7.4 AND C7.5 TWO-WAY SLAB SYSTEMS
63 - C7.4 SIMPLIFIED METHOD FOR REINFORCED TWO-WAY SLAB SYSTEMS HAVING MULTIPLE SPANS
63 - C7.4.1 Application
63 - C7.4.2 Total static moment for a span
63 - C7.4.3 Design moments
63 - C7.4.4 Transverse distribution of the design bending moment
63 - C7.4.5 Moment transfer for shear in flat slabs
63 - C7.4.7 Openings in slabs
63 - C7.5 IDEALIZED FRAME METHOD FOR STRUCTURES INCORPORATING TWO-WAY SLAB SYSTEMS
63 - C7.5.3 Arrangements of vertical load for buildings
64 - C7.5.6 Torsional moments
64 - C7.6 LINEAR ELASTIC ANALYSIS
64 - C7.6.2 General
64 - C7.6.3 Span length
64 - C7.6.4 Arrangement of loads for buildings
65 - C7.6.5 Stiffness
65 - C7.6.7 Secondary bending moments and shear resulting from prestress
65 - C7.6.8 Moment redistribution in reinforced concrete members for strength design
66 - C7.6.9 Moment redistribution in prestressed concrete members for strength design
66 - C7.6.10 Critical section for negative moments
66 - C7.6.11 Minimum transverse shear
66 - C7.7 ELASTIC ANALYSIS OF FRAMES INCORPORATING SECONDARY BENDING MOMENTS
66 - C7.7.1 Application
67 - C7.7.2 General
67 - C7.8 RIGOROUS STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
67 - C7.9 PLASTIC METHODS OF ANALYSIS FOR SLABS
69 - SECTION C8 DESIGN OF BEAMS FOR STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY
69 - C8.1 STRENGTH OF BEAMS IN BENDING
69 - C8.1.2 Basic principles
69 - C8.1.3 Design strength in bending
70 - C8.1.4 Minimum strength requirements
72 - C8.1.5 Stress in reinforcement and bonded tendons at ultimate strength
72 - C8.1.6 Stress in tendons not yet bonded
72 - C8.1.7 Spacing of reinforcement and tendons
72 - C8.1.8 Detailing of flexural reinforcement
75 - C8.2 STRENGTH OF BEAMS IN SHEAR
75 - C8.2.1 Application
75 - C8.2.2 Design shear strength of a beam
75 - C8.2.4 Maximum transverse shear near a support
75 - C8.2.5 Requirements for shear reinforcement
76 - C8.2.6 Shear strength limited by web crushing
76 - C8.2.7 Shear strength of a beam excluding shear reinforcement
79 - C8.2.8 Minimum shear reinforcement
79 - C8.2.9 Shear strength of a beam with minimum reinforcement
79 - C8.2.10 Contribution to shear strength by the shear reinforcement
80 - C8.2.11 Suspension reinforcement
80 - C8.2.12 Detailing of shear reinforcement
81 - C8.3 STRENGTH OF BEAMS IN TORSION
81 - C8.3.1 Application
81 - C8.3.2 Torsion redistribution
81 - C8.3.3 Torsional strength limited by web crushing
81 - C8.3.4 Requirements for torsional reinforcement
82 - C8.3.5 Torsional strength of a beam
82 - C8.3.6 Longitudinal torsional reinforcement
82 - C8.3.7 Minimal torsional reinforcement
82 - C8.4 LONGITUDINAL SHEAR IN BEAMS
82 - C8.4.1 Application
83 - C8.4.2 Design shear forces
83 - C8.4.3 Design strength
83 - C8.4.4 Shear planes surface coefficients
83 - C8.4.5 Shear plane reinforcement
83 - C8.4.6 Minimum thickness of structural components
84 - C8.5 DEFLECTION OF BEAMS
84 - C8.5.1 General
84 - C8.5.2 Beam deflection by refined calculation
86 - C8.5.3 Beam deflection by simplified calculation
88 - C8.5.4 Deemed-to-comply span-to-depth ratios for reinforced beams
88 - C8.6 CRACK CONTROL OF BEAMS
89 - C8.6.1 Crack control for flexure in reinforced beams
89 - C8.6.2 Crack control for flexure in prestressed beams
89 - C8.6.3 Crack control in the side face of beams
89 - C8.6.5 Crack control at openings and discontinuities
90 - C8.7 VIBRATION OF BEAMS
90 - C8.8 T-BEAMS AND L-BEAMS
90 - C8.9 SLENDERNESS LIMITS FOR BEAMS
94 - SECTION C9 DESIGN OF SLABS FOR STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY
94 - C9.1 STRENGTH OF SLABS IN BENDING
94 - C9.1.1 General
94 - C9.1.2 Reinforcement and tendon distribution in two-way flat slabs
94 - C9.1.3 Detailing of tensile reinforcement in slabs
95 - C9.1.4 Spacing of reinforcement and tendons
95 - C9.2 STRENGTH OF SLABS IN SHEAR
95 - C9.2.1 General
95 - C9.2.2 Application
96 - C9.2.3 Ultimate shear strength where Mv * is zero
96 - C9.2.4 Ultimate shear strength where Mv* is not zero
97 - C9.2.5 Minimum area of closed ties
97 - C9.3 DEFLECTION OF SLABS
97 - C9.3.1 General
97 - C9.3.2 Slab deflection by refined calculations
97 - C9.3.3 Slab deflection by simplified calculation
98 - C9.3.4 Deemed-to-comply span-to-depth ratio for reinforced slabs
98 - C9.4 CRACK CONTROL OF SLABS
98 - C9.4.1 Crack control for flexure in reinforced slabs
98 - C9.4.2 Crack control for flexure in prestressed slabs
98 - C9.4.3 Crack control for shrinkage and temperature effects
99 - C9.4.4 Crack control in the vicinity of restraints
99 - C9.4.5 Crack control at openings and discontinuities
99 - C9.5 VIBRATION OF SLABS
99 - C9.6 MOMENT RESISTING WIDTH FOR ONE-WAY SLABS SUPPORTING POINT LOADS
101 - SECTION C10 DESIGN OF COLUMNS FOR STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY
101 - C10.1 GENERAL
101 - C10.1.1 Design strength
102 - C10.1.2 Minimum bending moment
102 - C10.1.3 Definitions
102 - C10.2 DESIGN PROCEDURES
102 - C10.2.1 Design procedure using linear elastic analysis
104 - C10.2.2 Design procedure incorporating secondary bending moments
105 - C10.2.3 Design procedure using rigorous structural analysis
105 - C10.3 DESIGN OF SHORT COLUMNS
105 - C10.3.1 General
105 - C10.3.2 Short column with small axial force
105 - C10.3.3 Short column with small bending moments
105 - C10.4 DESIGN OF SLENDER COLUMNS
105 - C10.4.1 General
105 - C10.4.2 Moment magnifier for a braced column
106 - C10.4.3 Moment magnifier for an unbraced column
107 - C10.4.4 Buckling load
109 - C10.5 SLENDERNESS
109 - C10.5.1 General
109 - C10.5.2 Radius of gyration
109 - C10.5.3 Effective length of columns
110 - C10.5.4 End restraint coefficients for rectangular-framed structures
111 - C10.5.5 End restraint coefficients for any framed structure
111 - C10.5.6 End restraint provided by footings
111 - C10.6 STRENGTH OF COLUMNS IN COMBINED BENDING AND COMPRESSION
111 - C10.6.1 Basis of strength calculations
112 - C10.6.2 Rectangular stress block
113 - C10.6.3 Calculation of Nuo
113 - C10.6.4 Design based on each bending moment acting separately
114 - C10.6.5 Design for biaxial bending and compression
114 - C10.7 REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR COLUMNS
114 - C10.7.1 Limitations on longitudinal steel
115 - C10.7.2 Bundled bars
115 - C10.7.3 Restraint of longitudinal reinforcement
115 - C10.7.4 Splicing of longitudinal reinforcement
115 - C10.8 TRANSMISSION OF AXIAL FORCE THROUGH FLOOR SYSTEMS
118 - SECTION C11 DESIGN OF WALLS
118 - C11.1 APPLICATION
118 - C11.2 DESIGN PROCEDURES
118 - C11.2.5 Walls subject to in-plane vertical forces and horizontal forces perpendicular to the wall
118 - C11.2.6 Walls forming part of a framed structure
118 - C11.3 BRACING OF WALLS
118 - C11.4 SIMPLIFIED DESIGN METHOD FOR BRACED WALLS SUBJECTED TO VERTICAL FORCES ONLY
118 - C11.4.1 Eccentricity of vertical load
118 - C11.4.4 Design axial strength of a wall
118 - C11.5 DESIGN OF WALLS FOR IN-PLANE HORIZONTAL FORCES
119 - C11.5.3 Strength in shear
119 - C11.5.4 Shear strength without shear reinforcement
119 - C11.5.5 Contribution to shear strength by shear reinforcement
120 - C11.6 REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR WALLS
121 - SECTION C12 DESIGN OF NON-FLEXURAL MEMBERS, END ZONES AND BEARING SURFACES
121 - C12.1 DESIGN OF NON-FLEXURAL MEMBERS
121 - C12.1.1 General
121 - C12.1.2 Design based on strut and tie action
124 - C12.1.3 Design based on stress analysis
124 - C12.1.4 Empirical design methods
124 - C12.2 ANCHORAGE ZONES FOR PRESTRESSING ANCHORAGES
125 - C12.2.1 Application
125 - C12.2.2 General
128 - C12.2.6 Quantity and distribution of reinforcements
128 - C12.3 BEARING SURFACES
130 - SECTION C13 STRESS DEVELOPMENT AND SPLICING OF REINFORCEMENT AND TENDONS
130 - C13.1 STRESS DEVELOPMENT IN REINFORCEMENT
130 - C13.1.1 General
130 - C13.1.2 Development length for a bar in tension
133 - C13.1.3 Development length for a bar in compression
133 - C13.1.4 Development length of bundled bars
133 - C13.1.5 Development length of fabric in tension
133 - C13.1.6 Strength development in reinforcement by an anchorage
134 - C13.2 SPLICING OF REINFORCEMENT
134 - C13.2.1 General
134 - C13.2.2 Welded or mechanical splices
134 - C13.2.3 Lapped splices for bars in tension
134 - C13.2.4 Lapped splices for fabric in tension
134 - C13.2.5 Lapped splices for bars in compression
135 - C13.2.6 Lapped splices for bundled bars
135 - C13.3 STRESS DEVELOPMENT IN TENDONS
135 - C13.3.2 Development length of pretensioned tendons
135 - C13.3.3 Stress development in post-tensioned tendons by anchorages
135 - C13.4 COUPLING OF TENDONS
136 - SECTION C14 JOINTS, EMBEDDED ITEMS, FIXINGS AND CONNECTIONS
136 - C14.1 DESIGNS OF JOINTS
136 - C14.1.1 Construction joints
136 - C14.1.2 Movement joints
136 - C14.2 EMBEDDED ITEMS AND HOLES IN CONCRETE
136 - C14.3 REQUIREMENTS FOR FIXINGS
137 - SECTION C15 PLAIN CONCRETE MEMBERS
137 - C15.1 APPLICATION
137 - C15.2 DESIGN
137 - C15.2.2 Section properties
137 - C15.3 STRENGTH IN BENDING
137 - C15.4 STRENGTH IN SHEAR
137 - C15.5 STRENGTH IN AXIAL COMPRESSION
138 - SECTION C16 CONCRETE PAVEMENTS, FLOORS AND RESIDENTIAL FOOTINGS
138 - C16.1 APPLICATION
138 - C16.2 ADDITIONAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR PAVEMENTS AND INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL FLOORS
138 - C16.3 RESIDENTIAL FLOORS AND FOOTINGS
139 - SECTION C17 LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURES
139 - C17.1 GENERAL
140 - SECTION C18 MARINE STRUCTURES
140 - C18.1 APPLICATION
140 - C18.2 ADDITIONAL LOADS AND ACTIONS
140 - C18.2.1 Environmental loads
140 - C18.2.2 Live loads
140 - C18.2.3 Berthing and mooring loads
140 - C18.2.4 Vibration and movement
140 - C18.3 ADDITIONAL DURABILITY AND DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
141 - C18.3.1 Abrasive tidal or wave action
141 - C18.3.2 Cathodic protection
143 - SECTION C19 MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
143 - C19.1 MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE AND GROUT
143 - C19.1.1 Materials and limitations on constituents
143 - C19.1.2 Specification and manufacture of concrete
144 - C19.1.3 Handling, placing and compacting of concrete
144 - C19.1.4 Finishing of unformed concrete surfaces
145 - C19.1.5 Curing and protection
145 - C19.1.6 Sampling and testing for compliance
146 - C19.1.7 Rejection of concrete
146 - C19.1.8 Requirements for grout and grouting
146 - C19.2 MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS FOR REINFORCING STEEL
146 - C19.2.1 Materials
146 - C19.2.2 Fabrication
146 - C19.2.3 Bending
147 - C19.2.4 Surface condition
147 - C19.2.6 Lightning protection by reinforcement
147 - C19.3 MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS FOR PRESTRESSING DUCTS, ANCHORAGES AND TENDONS
147 - C19.3.1 Materials for ducts, anchorages and tendons
147 - C19.3.2 Construction requirements for ducts
147 - C19.3.3 Construction requirements for anchorages
148 - C19.3.4 Construction requirements for tendons
149 - C19.3.5 Construction requirements for unbonded tendons
149 - C19.4 CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS FOR JOINTS AND EMBEDDED ITEMS
149 - C19.5 TOLERANCES FOR STRUCTURES AND MEMBERS
149 - C19.5.2 Tolerances for position and size of structures and members
150 - C19.5.3 Tolerance on position of reinforcement and tendons
150 - C19.6 FORMWORK
150 - C19.6.1 General
151 - C19.6.2 Stripping of forms and removal of formwork supports
155 - SECTION C20 TESTING AND ASSESSMENT FOR COMPLIANCE OF CONCRETE SPECIFIED BY COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
157 - C20.1 GENERAL
157 - C20.2 MANUFACTURE OF CONCRETE
157 - C20.3 PROJECT ASSESSMENT
158 - C20.4 PRINCIPLES FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE SPECIFIED BY GRADE
158 - C20.5 ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT METHODS
158 - C20.6 DEEMED TO COMPLY PROVISIONS
159 - SECTION C21 TESTING OF MEMBERS AND STRUCTURES
159 - C21.1 PROOF TESTING OF BEAMS AND SLABS
159 - C21.1.1 Application
159 - C21.1.2 Test procedures
159 - C21.1.3 Interpretation of flexural tests
159 - C21.1.4 Damage to the structure
159 - C21.2 PROTOTYPE TESTING
160 - C21.3 QUALITY CONTROL TESTING OF MANUFACTURED UNITS
160 - C21.4 TESTING FOR STRENGTH OF HARDENED CONCRETE IN PLACE
160 - C21.4.1 Application
160 - C21.4.2 Non-destructive testing
160 - C21.4.3 Tests on cores taken from the structure
162 - APPENDIX CA - ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURES SUBJECT TO SEISMIC ACTIONS
162 - CA1 SCOPE
162 - CA3 DEFINITIONS
162 - CA3.3 BOUNDARY ELEMENTS
162 - CA5 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
162 - CA6 DOMESTIC STRUCTURES
162 - CA6.2 Design category H3
163 - CA8 GENERAL STRUCTURES IN DESIGN CATEGORY B
163 - CA8.3 Irregular structures
163 - CA9 GENERAL STRUCTURES IN DESIGN CATEGORIES C, D AND E
163 - CA9.1 General
163 - CA9.2. Exterior elements
163 - CA10 BEARING WALL SYSTEMS
163 - CA10.1 Shear walls or braced frames
164 - CA11 BUILDING FRAME SYSTEMS
164 - CA11.1 General
164 - CA11.2 Shear walls
164 - CA11.3 Reinforced braced frames
164 - CA12 MOMENT RESISTING FRAME SYSTEMS
164 - CA12.1 General
165 - CA12.3 Intermediate moment resisting frames
167 - CA12.4 Special moment resisting frames
167 - CA13 DUAL SYSTEMS

Provides background material to most of the requirements of AS 3600, indicating their origin and where they differ from previous practice. References given in the text are listed at the end of each section together with references for further reading in some instances. For ease of cross-reference, clause numbers in the commentary correspond to those in AS 3600.

Committee
BD-002
DocumentType
Supplement (Main)
ISBN
0 7262 9195 1
Pages
158
PublisherName
Standards Australia
Status
Superseded
SupersededBy
Supersedes

ScopeThe Standard sets out the minimum requirements for the design and construction of safe, serviceable and durable concrete structures. There may be other requirements, not covered by the Standard, which also have to be considered.ApplicationA lower concrete strength limit of 20 MPa has been imposed, as strength grades less than this are not considered suitable for structures.An upper concrete strength limit of 50 MPa has been adopted, because much of the research on which the Standard is based involved concrete strengths at or below this value. Nevertheless, higher strength concretes are being used in Australia and overseas (Refs. 1 and 2). The Standard may possibly be applied without change to concretes with 28-day compressive strengths up to 65 MPa. However, beyond 50 MPa, concrete becomes increasingly brittle in its structural behaviour and, as indicated in Note 2, current detailing requirements may be inadequate for ensuring the necessary elastic and ductile behaviour assumed in the various design Sections.Concretes made from naturally occurring Australian coarse aggregates have surface-dry densities falling in the range 2100 kg/m3to 2800 kg/m3. Lightweight structural concretes in Australia generally use naturally occurring sands combined with manufactured lightweight aggregates, for which the surface-dry density is seldom less than 1800 kg/m3. Density limits for structural concretes have been set accordingly.Design of road and pedestrian bridges is covered by the 'Austroads Bridge Design Code'.In the preparation of a Standard such as this, a certain level of knowledge and competence of the majority of users must be assumed. As indicated by the Note, it was assumed that the predominant users of this Standard would be professionally qualified civil or structural engineers experienced in the design of concrete structures, or equally qualified but less experienced persons working under their guidance. It is therefore intended that the Standard be applied and interpreted primarily by such persons.

First published in part as MP 28.C4-1975.
MP 28.C9 first published 1975.
MP 28.C10 first published 1975.
MP 28.C26 first published 1975.
MP 28.C6 first published 1977.
MP 28.C11 first published 1977.
MP 28.C12 first published 1977.
MP 28.C12 first published 1977.
MP 28.C13 first published 1977.
MP 28.C14 first published 1977.
MP 28.C15 first published 1977.
MP 28.C19 first published 1978.
MP 28.C21 first published 1978.
MP 28.C22 first published 1978.
MP 28.C23 first published 1978.
MP 28.C25 first published 1978.
The preceding Standards revised, amalgamated and redesignated AS 3600 Supplement 1-1990.
Second edition 1994.

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AS/NZS 1546.1:2008 On-site domestic wastewater treatment units Septic tanks
AS 3600-2001 Concrete structures
AS 1597.2-2013 Precast reinforced concrete box culverts Large culverts (exceeding 1200 mm span or 1200 mm height and up to and including 4200 mm span and 4200 mm height)
AS 3972-2010 General purpose and blended cements
AS/NZS 5070.1:2008 Siting and operation of radiocommunications facilities General guidelines for fixed, mobile and broadcasting facilities including fixed location satellite earth stations independent of the operating frequency (Reconfirmed 2019)
AS 1210-2010 Pressure vessels (Reconfirmed 2021)
AS 4722-2009 Passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors
AS 3958.1-2007 Ceramic tiles Guide to the installation of ceramic tiles
AS 2159-2009 Piling - Design and installation
AS/NZS 4065:2010 Concrete utility services poles
AS 1379-2007 Specification and supply of concrete (Reconfirmed 2017)
HB 71-2011 Reinforced Concrete Design in accordance with AS 3600 - 2009
AS 4773.2-2010 Masonry in small buildings - Construction
AS/NZS 2041.2:2011 Buried corrugated metal structures Installation
AS 4654.2-2009 Waterproofing membrane systems for exterior use - Above ground level Design and installation
AS/NZS 3000:2007 Electrical installations (known as the Australian/New Zealand Wiring Rules)
AS 2067-2008 Substations and high voltage installations exceeding 1 kV a.c.
AS 3780-2008 The storage and handling of corrosive substances
AS 3740-2010 Waterproofing of domestic wet areas
AS 3700-2011 Masonry structures
AS 4773.1-2010 Masonry in small buildings Design
AS 1884-2012 Floor coverings - Resilient sheet and tiles - Installation practices
AS 2316.1-2009 Artificial climbing structures and challenge courses Fixed and mobile artificial climbing and abseiling walls
AS/NZS 7000:2010 Overhead line design - Detailed procedures
AS 4825-2011 Tunnel fire safety
HB 31-1992 Handbook of building construction tolerances - Extracts from building products and structures Standards
AS 1170.4-2007 Structural design actions Earthquake actions in Australia (Reconfirmed 2018)
AS/NZS 1554.3:2008 Structural steel welding Welding of reinforcing steel
AS 2304-2011 Water storage tanks for fire protection systems

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