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AS 2159-2009

AS 2159-2009

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The latest, up-to-date edition.

Piling - Design and installation

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Published date

11-04-2009

Publisher

Standards Australia

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Hardcopy - English
PDF 1 User - English
PDF 3 Users - English
PDF 5 Users - English
PDF 9 Users - English
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1 - AS 2159-2009 PILING-DESIGN AND INSTALLATION
4 - PREFACE
5 - CONTENTS
7 - FOREWORD
8 - SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
8 - 1.1 SCOPE
8 - 1.2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES
9 - 1.3 DEFINITIONS
9 - 1.3.1 Bored cast in place pile
9 - 1.3.2 Cased pile
9 - 1.3.3 Cone penetration test (CPT)
9 - 1.3.4 Continuous flight auger pile (CFA)
9 - 1.3.5 Design action
10 - 1.3.6 Design action effect (Ed)
10 - 1.3.7 Design geotechnical strength (Rd,g)
10 - 1.3.8 Design life
10 - 1.3.9 Design serviceability load (Eds)
10 - 1.3.10 Design structural strength (Rd,s)
10 - 1.3.11 Design ultimate geotechnical strength (Rd,ug)
10 - 1.3.12 Design ultimate structural strength (Rd,us)
10 - 1.3.13 Driven cast in place pile
10 - 1.3.14 Driven preformed pile
10 - 1.3.15 Durability
10 - 1.3.16 End-bearing pile
10 - 1.3.17 Footing
10 - 1.3.18 Foundation
10 - 1.3.19 Friction pile
11 - 1.3.20 Ground anchor
11 - 1.3.21 Large displacement piles
11 - 1.3.22 Limit state
11 - 1.3.23 Pile
11 - 1.3.24 Pile group
11 - 1.3.25 Pile head
11 - 1.3.26 Pile heave
11 - 1.3.27 Raking pile
11 - 1.3.28 Serviceability limit state (SLS), serviceability
11 - 1.3.29 Set
11 - 1.3.30 Small displacement piles
11 - 1.3.31 Standard penetration test (SPT)
11 - 1.3.32 Steel screw piles
12 - 1.3.33 Temporary compression
12 - 1.3.34 Test pile
12 - 1.3.35 Test ultimate geotechnical strength (Rt,ug)
12 - 1.3.36 Toe
12 - 1.3.37 Ultimate geotechnical strength (Rug)
12 - 1.4 NOTATION
15 - 1.5 CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
15 - 1.5.1 General
15 - 1.5.2 Displacement piles
16 - 1.5.3 Non-displacement piles
16 - 1.5.4 Partial displacement, post-grouted and preloaded non-displacement piles
17 - SECTION 2 SITE INVESTIGATION
17 - 2.1 GENERAL
17 - 2.2 INFORMATION REQUIRED
18 - SECTION 3 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES
18 - 3.1 OBJECTIVE OF PILE DESIGN
18 - 3.2 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
18 - 3.2.1 General
18 - 3.2.2 Design for ultimate strength
19 - 3.2.3 Design for serviceability
19 - 3.2.4 Design for durability
19 - 3.2.5 Design for other relevant requirements
19 - 3.3 ACTIONS AND COMBINATIONS FOR STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY DESIGN
19 - 3.3.1 Actions and loads
20 - 3.3.2 Load combinations for strength design
21 - 3.3.3 Load combinations for serviceability design
22 - SECTION 4 GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN
22 - 4.1 GENERAL
22 - 4.2 ASSESSMENT OF GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS
23 - 4.3 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GEOTECHNICAL STRENGTH DESIGN
23 - 4.3.1 Design geotechnical strength
24 - 4.3.2 Assessment of basic geotechnical strength reduction factor (φgb)
26 - 4.3.3 Assessment of design ultimate geotechnical strength (Rd,ug)
26 - 4.4 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRENGTH
26 - 4.4.1 Design ultimate geotechnical strength in compression
27 - 4.4.2 Design ultimate geotechnical strength in uplift
28 - 4.4.3 Design ultimate geotechnical strength of a pile group in compression or uplift
29 - 4.4.4 Combined pile and raft foundation
29 - 4.4.5 Negative friction
29 - 4.4.6 Soil swelling
30 - 4.4.7 Design ultimate geotechnical strength for lateral loading
30 - 4.4.8 Cyclic loading
30 - 4.4.9 Dynamic loading
31 - 4.4.10 Earthquake loading
31 - 4.5 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN FOR SERVICEABILITY
31 - 4.5.1 Design actions
31 - 4.5.2 Design criteria
31 - 4.5.3 Deflection limits
31 - 4.5.4 Geotechnical parameters for serviceability limit states
31 - 4.6 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SERVICEABILITY
31 - 4.6.1 Deflection of a pile
31 - 4.6.2 Combined pile and raft footing
32 - 4.6.3 Settlement due to negative friction
32 - 4.6.4 Pile heave due to soil swelling
33 - 4.6.5 Deflection due to cyclic, impact, dynamic, earthquake, torsional or other loads
34 - SECTION 5 STRUCTURAL DESIGN
34 - 5.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
34 - 5.2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL STRENGTH DESIGN
34 - 5.2.1 Design structural strength
34 - 5.2.2 Design bending moment (Md)
35 - 5.2.3 Buckling of a pile
35 - 5.2.4 Pile splice
35 - 5.3 CONCRETE AND GROUT PILES
35 - 5.3.1 General
35 - 5.3.2 Cast in place piles
36 - 5.3.3 Reinforcement requirement
37 - 5.3.4 Partially reinforced pile
37 - 5.3.5 Unreinforced piles
37 - 5.3.6 Cast in place screw piles
37 - 5.3.7 Lateral restraint of longitudinal reinforcement and tendons
38 - 5.4 STEEL PILES
38 - 5.4.1 General
38 - 5.4.2 Steel screw piles
38 - 5.5 COMPOSITE STEEL AND CONCRETE PILES
39 - 5.6 TIMBER PILES
39 - 5.6.1 General
39 - 5.6.2 Timber pile splices
39 - 5.6.3 Connection details
40 - SECTION 6 DURABILITY DESIGN
40 - 6.1 GENERAL
40 - 6.2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF DURABILITY DESIGN
40 - 6.3 ACID SULFATE SOILS
41 - 6.4 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY OF CONCRETE PILES
41 - 6.4.1 General
41 - 6.4.2 Exposure classification for concrete piles
43 - 6.4.3 Durability requirements
44 - 6.5 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY OF STEEL PILES
44 - 6.5.1 General
44 - 6.5.2 Exposure classification for steel piles
46 - 6.5.3 Corrosion allowance for steel piles
47 - 6.5.4 Coating protection systems
47 - 6.5.5 Cathodic protection
47 - 6.6 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY OF TIMBER PILES
47 - 6.6.1 Design life
47 - 6.6.2 Timber selection and treatment
47 - 6.6.3 Timber preservation
48 - 6.6.4 Treatment after cut-off
48 - 6.6.5 Marine piles
49 - SECTION 7 MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
49 - 7.1 GENERAL
49 - 7.1.1 Concrete
49 - 7.1.2 Grout
49 - 7.1.3 Steel
49 - 7.1.4 Timber
49 - 7.2 TOLERANCES AND DEFECTS
49 - 7.2.1 Positional tolerances
49 - 7.2.2 Cut-off levels
50 - 7.2.3 Trimming and capping
50 - 7.2.4 Variation in pile depths
50 - 7.2.5 Defective piles
50 - 7.3 DISPLACEMENT PILES-PREFORMED
50 - 7.3.1 Dimensional tolerances
51 - 7.3.2 Handling and storage
51 - 7.3.3 Installation by driving
52 - 7.3.4 Installation by jacking
53 - 7.3.5 Installation by screwing
54 - 7.4 DISPLACEMENT PILES-DRIVEN CAST IN PLACE
54 - 7.4.1 Dimensional accuracy
54 - 7.4.2 Liners
54 - 7.4.3 Construction
55 - 7.5 DISPLACEMENT PILES-SCREWED CAST IN PLACE
55 - 7.5.1 General
55 - 7.5.2 Dimensional accuracy
55 - 7.5.3 Construction
56 - 7.5.4 Sampling and testing
56 - 7.6 NON-DISPLACEMENT PILES
56 - 7.6.1 Dimensional accuracy
56 - 7.6.2 Support systems
57 - 7.6.3 Excavation of the pile shaft
57 - 7.6.4 Base and shaft preparation
57 - 7.6.5 Construction
58 - 7.6.6 Continuous flight auger piles
59 - 7.7 RECORDS OF DATA
59 - 7.7.1 Displacement piles
60 - 7.7.2 Non-displacement piles
62 - SECTION 8 TESTING
62 - 8.1 SCOPE
62 - 8.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
62 - 8.2.1 Selection and construction of test piles
62 - 8.2.2 Effect of changed conditions
62 - 8.2.3 Performance of the tests
62 - 8.2.4 Requirement to test
64 - 8.3 PILE LOAD TESTING
64 - 8.3.1 Types of pile load testing
64 - 8.3.2 Information required
65 - 8.3.3 Test load
66 - 8.3.4 Acceptance of piles
66 - 8.3.5 Effects of test set-up
67 - 8.4 STATIC LOAD TESTING
67 - 8.4.1 Use of static loading
67 - 8.4.2 Test procedure
68 - 8.4.3 Acceptance criteria
69 - 8.5 HIGH-STRAIN DYNAMIC PILE TESTING
69 - 8.5.1 General
70 - 8.5.2 Acceptance criteria
70 - 8.6 BI-DIRECTIONAL LOAD TESTING
70 - 8.6.1 General
70 - 8.6.2 Performance criteria
71 - 8.7 RAPID LOAD TESTING
71 - 8.7.1 General
71 - 8.7.2 Acceptance criteria
71 - 8.8 INTEGRITY TESTING
71 - 8.8.1 General
71 - 8.8.2 Test procedure
72 - 8.8.3 Acceptance criteria
73 - APPENDIX A - STATIC LOAD TEST
73 - A1 GENERAL
73 - A2 PREPARATION AND APPARATUS
73 - A2.1 Preparation for testing
73 - A2.2 Reaction system
74 - A2.3 Equipment for loading and test measurement
76 - A3 LOADING PROGRESS AND RECORDING OF DATA
76 - A3.1 General
76 - A3.2 Load application
78 - A3.3 Recording during the loading stages
78 - A3.4 Recording during unloading stages
79 - A4 REPORT
80 - APPENDIX B - HIGH-STRAIN DYNAMIC PILE TESTING
80 - B1 GENERAL
80 - B2 PILE PREPARATION
80 - B3 HAMMER ENERGY
80 - B4 NEGATIVE FRICTION
81 - B5 TIME AND PURPOSE OF TESTING
81 - B6 APPLICATION OF DYNAMIC TESTING
81 - B7 INSTRUMENTATION
81 - B8 TEST PROCEDURE
82 - B9 REPORT
83 - APPENDIX C - RAPID PILE TESTING
83 - C1 GENERAL
83 - C2 DEFINITIONS
83 - C2.1 Rapid force
83 - C2.2 Wave speed
83 - C2.3 Natural period
83 - C3 SAFETY
84 - C4 EQUIPMENT
84 - C4.1 General
84 - C4.2 Equipment using pressure of gases produced by combustion
84 - C4.3 Equipment using a drop mass
84 - C5 MEASURING SYSTEMS
84 - C5.1 Measurement of force
84 - C5.2 Measurement of pile movement
85 - C5.3 Pile groups
85 - C5.4 Measurement of acceleration
85 - C6 RECORDING OF RESULTS
85 - C7 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
85 - C8 REPORT
87 - APPENDIX D - INTEGRITY TESTING
87 - D1 SCOPE
87 - D2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
87 - D2.1 Preparation for testing
87 - D2.2 Time of testing
87 - D2.3 Report
88 - D3 PULSE ECHO METHOD
88 - D3.1 General
88 - D3.2 Site testing
88 - D3.3 Signal processing
88 - D4 VIBRATION METHOD
88 - D4.1 General
88 - D4.2 Site testing
88 - D4.3 Signal processing
89 - D5 IMPULSE RESPONSE METHOD
89 - D5.1 General
89 - D5.2 Site testing
89 - D5.3 Signal processing
89 - D6 SONIC LOGGING METHOD
89 - D6.1 General
89 - D6.2 Site testing
90 - D6.3 Signal processing
90 - D7 ALTERNATIVE TEST METHODS
91 - APPENDIX E - LIMIT STATES-SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS
92 - BIBLIOGRAPHY

Sets out minimum requirements for the design, construction and testing of piled footings for civil engineering and building structures on land or immediate inshore locations.

Committee
CE-018
DocumentType
Standard
ISBN
0 7337 9286 3
Pages
85
PublisherName
Standards Australia
Status
Current
Supersedes

This Standard sets out minimum requirements for the design, construction and testing of piled footings for civil engineering and building structures on land or immediate inshore locations. It does not extend to offshore (deepwater) construction.NOTES:1 AS 5100 series should be considered for the design of footings for road bridges.2 Where the strength or serviceability of an existing structure is to be evaluated, the general principles of this Standard should be applied. The actual properties of the materials in the structure should be used.3 durability requirements are appropriate for structures with design life within (20% of the target design life.

Originated as AS 2159-1978.
Third edition 2009.
Reissued incorporating Amendment No. 1 (October 2010).

AS 5100.2-2004 Bridge design Design loads
AS 2832.5-2008 Cathodic protection of metals Steel in concrete structures
AS 1450-2007 Steel tubes for mechanical purposes (Reconfirmed 2017)
AS 3600 SUPP 1-1994 Concrete structures - Commentary (Supplement to AS 3600-1994)
AS 1012.3.2-1998 Methods of testing concrete Determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete - Compacting factor test (Reconfirmed 2014)
AS 1012.14-1991 Methods of testing concrete Method for securing and testing cores from hardened concrete for compressive strength
AS 1170.4 SUPP 1-1993 Minimum design loads on structures (known as the SAA Loading Code) Earthquake loads - Commentary (Supplement to AS 1170.4-1993)
AS 1012.13-1992 Methods of testing concrete Determination of the drying shrinkage of concrete for samples prepared in the field or in the laboratory
AS 4100-1998 Steel structures (Reconfirmed 2016)
AS 1012.17-1997 Methods of testing concrete Determination of the static chord modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of concrete specimens (Reconfirmed 2014)
AS 1012.12.2-1998 Methods of testing concrete Determination of mass per unit volume of hardened concrete - Water displacement method (Reconfirmed 2014)
AS/NZS 3679.2:1996 Structural steel Welded I sections
AS 1012.19.1-2000 Methods of testing concrete Accelerated curing of concrete compression test specimens - Hot water method (Reconfirmed 2014)
AS 1163-1991 Structural steel hollow sections
AS 1012.3.4-1998 Methods of testing concrete Determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete - Compactibility index (Reconfirmed 2014)
AS 1012.10-2000 Methods of testing concrete Determination of indirect tensile strength of concrete cylinders ('Brazil' or splitting test) (Reconfirmed 2014)
AS 3972-1997 Portland and blended cements
AS 3818.3-2001 Timber - Heavy structural products - Visually graded Piles
AS 1012.4.2-1999 Methods of testing concrete Determination of air content of freshly mixed concrete - Measuring reduction in air pressure in chamber above concrete
AS 1379-2007 Specification and supply of concrete (Reconfirmed 2017)
AS 1012.12.1-1998 Methods of testing concrete Determination of mass per unit volume of hardened concrete - Rapid measuring method (Reconfirmed 2014)
AS 4100 SUPP 1-1999 Steel structures - Commentary (Supplement to AS 4100-1998)
AS 5100.6-2004 Bridge design Steel and composite construction
AS 1012.4.3-1999 Methods of testing concrete Determination of air content of freshly mixed concrete - Measuring air volume when concrete dispersed in water
AS 1012.11-2000 Methods of testing concrete Determination of the modulus of rupture (Reconfirmed 2014)
AS 1289.6.3.1-2004 Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes Soil strength and consolidation tests - Determination of the penetration resistance of a soil - Standard penetration test (SPT) (Reconfirmed 2016)
AS 5604-2005 Timber - Natural durability ratings (Reconfirmed 2016)
AS 1720.1-1997 Timber structures Design methods
AS 1170.4-2007 Structural design actions Earthquake actions in Australia (Reconfirmed 2018)
AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 Structural design actions General principles
AS 1012.9-1999 Methods of testing concrete Determination of the compressive strength of concrete specimens
AS 5100.3 SUPP 1-2008 Bridge design Foundations and soil-supporting structures - Commentary (Supplement to AS 5100.3-2004)
AS 1012.4.1-1999 Methods of testing concrete Determination of air content of freshly mixed concrete - Measuring reduction in concrete volume with increased air pressure
AS 3735-2001 Concrete structures for retaining liquids
AS 1012.16-1996 Methods of testing concrete Determination of creep of concrete cylinders in compression (Reconfirmed 2014)
AS 1726-1993 Geotechnical site investigations
AS 1012.20-1992 Methods of testing concrete Determination of chloride and sulfate in hardened concrete and concrete aggregates
AS 5100.5 SUPP 1-2008 Bridge design Concrete - Commentary (Supplement to AS 5100.5 - 2004)
AS 5100.7 SUPP 1-2006 Bridge design Rating of existing bridges - Commentary (Supplement to AS 5100.7-2004)
AS 2758.1-1998 Aggregates and rock for engineering purposes - Concrete aggregates
AS 1289.6.5.1-1999 Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes Soil strength and consolidation tests - Determination of the static cone penetration resistance of a soil - Field test using a mechanical and electrical cone or friction-cone penetrometer (Reconfirmed 2013)
AS 1012.8.2-2000 Methods of testing concrete Method for making and curing concrete - Flexure test specimens
AS 3735 SUPP 1-2001 Concrete structures for retaining liquids - Commentary (Supplement to
AS/NZS 4671:2001 Steel reinforcing materials
AS 2832.2-2003 Cathodic protection of metals Compact buried structures
AS/NZS 1554.1:2004 Structural steel welding Welding of steel structures
AS 1604.1-2005 Specification for preservative treatment Sawn and round timber
AS 5100.2 SUPP 1-2007 Bridge design Design loads - Commentary (Supplement to AS 5100.2 - 2004)
AS 1012.1-1993 Methods of testing concrete Sampling of fresh concrete
AS/NZS 2312:2002 Guide to the protection of structural steel against atmospheric corrosion by the use of protective coatings
AS 1012.21-1999 Methods of testing concrete Determination of water absorption and apparent volume of permeable voids in hardened concrete (Reconfirmed 2014)
AS/NZS 3678:1996 Structural steel - Hot-rolled plates, floorplates and slabs
AS/NZS 3679.1:1996 Structural steel Hot-rolled bars and sections
AS 5100.4 SUPP 1-2006 Bridge design Bearings and deck joints - Commentary (Supplement to AS 5100.4-2004)
AS 5100.1-2004 Bridge design Scope and general principles
AS 1012.3.3-1998 Methods of testing concrete Determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete - Vebe test (Reconfirmed 2014)
AS 1012.2-1994 Methods of testing concrete Preparation of concrete mixes in the laboratory
AS 5100.1 SUPP 1-2006 Bridge design Scope and general principles - Commentary (Supplement to AS 5100.1-2004)
AS/NZS 1594:2002 Hot-rolled steel flat products (Reconfirmed 2016)
AS 5100.4-2004 Bridge design Bearings and deck joints
AS 2832.3-2005 Cathodic protection of metals Fixed immersed structures
AS 5100.7-2004 Bridge design Rating of existing bridges
AS 1012.18-1996 Methods of testing concrete Determination of setting time of fresh concrete, mortar and grout by penetration resistance (Reconfirmed 2014)
AS 5100.6 SUPP 1-2007 Bridge design Steel and composite construction - Commentary (Supplement to AS 5100.6 - 2004)
AS 1012.6-1999 Methods of testing concrete Method for the determination of bleeding of concrete
AS 5100.5-2004 Bridge design Concrete
AS 5100.3-2004 Bridge design Foundations and soil supporting structures
AS 3600-2001 Concrete structures
AS 1012.3.1-1998 Methods of testing concrete Determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete - Slump test
AS 1012.19.2-2000 Methods of testing concrete Accelerated curing of concrete compression test specimens - Warm water method (Reconfirmed 2014)
AS/NZS 1170.1:2002 Structural design actions Permanent, imposed and other actions
AS 1579-2001 Arc-welded steel pipes and fittings for water and wastewater (Reconfirmed 2018)
AS 1012.8.1-2000 Methods of testing concrete Method for making and curing concrete - Compression and indirect tensile test specimens
AS 1012.5-1999 Methods of testing concrete Determination of mass per unit volume of freshly mixed concrete

AS/NZS 7000:2016 Overhead line design
AS 4312:2019 Atmospheric corrosivity zones in Australia
AS 2870-2011 Residential slabs and footings
AS/NZS 7000:2010 Overhead line design - Detailed procedures
AS 3818.3-2010 Timber - Heavy structural products - Visually graded Piles
AS 5100.3:2017 Bridge design Foundation and soil-supporting structures

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