API 10TR4 : 2008

1 Introduction
2 Benefits of Centralization
  2.1 Definition of Standoff
  2.2 Casing Centralization and Centralizing Devices
3 General Discussion
  3.1 Centralizer Types Available
  3.2 Advantages and Limitations of Centralizer Types
  3.3 Selecting the Type of Centralizer
  3.4 Drag Force vs Standoff Considerations
  3.5 Location and Number of Centralizers to Obtain a
       Desired Standoff
  3.6 Estimated Drag and Torque When Using Rigid and Solid
       Centralizers
  3.7 Friction Coefficients
  3.8 Potential Benefit of Centralizer-induced Swirl
  3.9 Centralizer Installation
  3.10 Use of Dissimilar Materials: Casing-centralizer
  3.11 Centralizer-formation Interactions
  3.12 Stop Collar and Integral Collar Holding Forces
  3.13 Centralizer Quality Control
  3.14 Effect of Expansion Coefficient of the Stop Collar
  3.15 Potential Impact of Centralizers on Casing String
       Stiffness
  3.16 Compatibility of the Centralizers with Wellbore Fluids
  3.17 Thermal Stability of the Centralizer Materials
  3.18 Potential Carbon Steel and Chrome Interaction
  3.19 Potential Generation of Gases from Materials Under
       Downhole Conditions
  3.20 Centralizer Wear During Running in the Hole

Provides the petroleum industry with information for three types of centralizers, their selection and application, and their advantages and limitations.