ACI 210 : 1987(R1993)

Part 1 - Causes of erosion
Chapter 1 - Introduction
Chapter 2 - Erosion by cavitation
   2.1 Mechanism of cavitation
   2.2 Cavitation index
   2.3 Cavitation damage
Chapter 3 - Erosion by abrasion
   3.1 General
   3.2 Stilling basin damage
   3.3 Navigation lock damage
   3.4 Tunnel lining damage
Chapter 4 - Erosion by chemical attack
   4.1 Sources of chemical attack
   4.2 Erosion by mineral-free water
   4.3 Erosion by miscellaneous causes
Part 2 - Control of erosion
Chapter 5 - Control of cavitation erosion
   5.1 Hydraulic design principles
   5.2 Cavitation indexes for damage and construction
         tolerances
   5.3 Using aeration to control damage
   5.4 Fatigue caused by vibration
   5.5 Materials
   5.6 Materials testing
   5.7 Construction practices
Chapter 6 - Control of abrasion erosion
   6.1 Hydraulic considerations
   6.2 Material evaluation
   6.3 Materials
Chapter 7 - Control of erosion by chemical attack
   7.1 General
   7.2 Control of erosion by mineral-free water
   7.3 Control of erosion from bacterial action
   7.4 Control of erosion by miscellaneous chemical
         causes
Part 3 - Maintenance and repair of erosion
Chapter 8 - Periodic inspections and corrective action
   8.1 General
   8.2 Inspection program
   8.3 Inspection procedures
   8.4 Reporting and evaluation
Chapter 9 - Repair methods and materials
   9.1 Design considerations
   9.2 Methods and materials
Chapter 10 - References
   10.1 Specified and/or recommended references
   10.2 Cited references
Appendix - Notation

This report outlines the causes, control, maintenance, and repair of erosion in hydraulic structures. Such erosion occurs from three major causes: cavitation, abrasion, and chemical attack. Design parameters, materials selection and quality, environmental factors, and other issues affecting the performance of concrete are discussed. Evidence exists to suggest that given the operating characteristics and conditions to which a hydraulic structure will be subjected, it can be designed to mitigate future erosion of concrete. All too often, however, operational factors change or are now clearly known and hence erosion of concrete surfaces occurs and repairs must follow. This report briefly treats the subject of concrete erosion and repair and provides numerous references to detailed treatment of the subject.