ENV 12160 : 1997

Contents
National Foreword
Foreword
Introduction
1. Scope
    1.1 Geometry
    1.2 Topology
2. Normative reference
3. Definitions
4. Symbols and abbreviations
5. Context
    5.1 Spatial schemas as parts of conceptual schemas
    5.2 Description of the geometry and the topology of
         objects
    5.3 Spatial schemas and spatial view
6. Components of spatial schemas
    6.1 Geometric primitives
         6.1.1 Geometric primitives and direct position
         6.1.2 Geometric primitive Point
         6.1.3 Geometric primitive Curve
         6.1.4 Geometric primitive Surface
         6.1.5 Geometric primitives Grid, Pixel, Raster band,
                Voxel and Raster block
                6.1.5.1 Frame
                6.1.5.2 Geometric primitive Grid
                6.1.5.3 Geometric primitives Pixel, Raster
                         band, Voxel and Raster block
    6.2 Topological primitives
         6.2.1 General - Introduction
         6.2.2 Topological primitive Node
                6.2.2.1 Description
                6.2.2.2 Topological relations
         6.2.3 Topological primitive Edge
                6.2.3.1 Description
                6.2.3.2 Topological relations
         6.2.4 Topological primitive Face
                6.2.4.1 Description
                6.2.4.2 Topological relations
    6.3 Spatial view
         6.3.1 General - Introduction
         6.3.2 Examples
                6.3.2.1 Example 1
                6.3.2.2 Example 2
                6.3.2.3 Example 3
                6.3.2.4 Example 4
7. Spatial schemas
    7.1 Basic spatial schema G0
    7.2 Conformance requirements for spatial schemas
         7.2.1 Conformance requirement 1
         7.2.2 Conformance requirement 2
         7.2.3 Conformance requirement 3
         7.2.4 Conformance requirement 4
         7.2.5 Conformance requirement 5
    7.3 Pre-defined spatial schemas
         7.3.1 Full planar graph topology spatial schema G1
         7.3.2 Planar graph linear network spatial schema G2
         7.3.3 Non planar graph linear network spatial schema
                G3
         7.3.4 Non planar graph linear network with surfaces
                spatial schema G4
         7.3.5 Spaghetti spatial schema G5
         7.3.6 Bounded triangulated irregular network spatial
                schema G6
         7.3.7 Raster image spatial schema G7
         7.3.8 Grid spatial schema G8
    7.4 Example

Gives principles for describing spatial schemas which can be part of application schemas. These can be used for structuring, defining updating, querying, encoding, transforming and transferring geographic data. Specifies the constructs for the representation of geometry and topology of geographic objects. These are defined in spatial schemas according to needs from the applications.