DD ISO/TS 13434:2008

Foreword
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms
  3.1 Terms and definitions
  3.2 Symbols
  3.3 Abbreviated items
4 Generalized procedure
  4.1 Introduction
  4.2 Available and required properties
      4.2.1 Condition of acceptability
      4.2.2 Development of the required and available
             properties with time
  4.3 Design life
  4.4 Margin of safety
  4.5 End of life (function)
  4.6 Durability study
5 Constituents of geosynthetics
  5.1 Types of geosynthetic
      5.1.1 Polymeric durability considerations
      5.1.2 Geotextiles
      5.1.3 Geosynthetic barriers or polymeric and bituminous
             geosynthetic barriers
      5.1.4 GSB-C
      5.1.5 Geogrids
      5.1.6 Geonets
      5.1.7 Geocells
      5.1.8 Geomats
      5.1.9 Geocomposites
      5.1.10 Geofoam
  5.2 Individual polymer types
      5.2.1 General
      5.2.2 Polypropylene (PP)
      5.2.3 Flexible polypropylene (fPP)
      5.2.4 Polyethylene (PE)
      5.2.5 Polyesters (i.e. PET, PEN)
      5.2.6 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
      5.2.7 Polyamides (PA)
      5.2.8 Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM)
      5.2.9 Ethylene interpolymer alloy (EIA)
      5.2.10 Chlorinated polyethylene (CPE)
      5.2.11 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE)
      5.2.12 Bitumen (MB)
      5.2.13 Aramid
      5.2.14 Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
      5.2.15 Polystyrene (PS)
  5.3 Manufacturing process
      5.3.1 General
      5.3.2 Geotextiles
      5.3.3 Geosynthetic barriers
      5.3.4 Geogrids
      5.3.5 Geonets
      5.3.6 Geocomposites
      5.3.7 Geocells
      5.3.8 GBR-C
  5.4 Recycled and reworked materials
  5.5 Additives, stabilizers, fillers and reinforcement scrims
      5.5.1 General
      5.5.2 Antioxidants
      5.5.3 Acid scavengers
      5.5.4 Metal ion deactivators
      5.5.5 UV stabilizers
      5.5.6 Plasticizers
      5.5.7 Lubricants
      5.5.8 Mineral fillers
      5.5.9 Scrims
6 Environmental factors that may lead to degradation
  6.1 The environment above ground
  6.2 The environment below ground
  6.3 Chemical and biological effects on a geosynthetic
      6.3.1 General
      6.3.2 Hydrolysis of PET and PA
      6.3.3 Oxidation of PE and PP
      6.3.4 Biochemical attack
      6.3.5 Chemical effects on other geosynthetic barriers
  6.4 Effects of load and mechanical damage
      6.4.1 Tensile load: creep and creep-rupture
      6.4.2 Synergy of tensile load with environmental effects
             (environmental stress cracking)
      6.4.3 Effect of mechanical load on weathering and
             oxidation
      6.4.4 Loading during installation: mechanical damage
      6.4.5 Normal pressure: compressive creep and penetration
      6.4.6 Abrasion and dynamic loading
7 Evidence of the durability of geosynthetics
  7.1 Historical development
  7.2 Empirical evidence of durability from geosynthetics
      extracted from the soil
      7.2.1 Geotextiles
      7.2.2 Geosynthetic barriers
      7.2.3 Geogrids
  7.3 Summary
8 Procedure for assessment of durability
  8.1 Introduction
      8.1.1 Need for testing
      8.1.2 Scope of durability assessment
  8.2 Procedure
      8.2.1 Material
      8.2.2 Function and application
      8.2.3 Environment
      8.2.4 Mechanism of degradation
      8.2.5 Design life
      8.2.6 The "end-of-life" criterion
  8.3 Degradation during storage and installation
      8.3.1 Weathering
      8.3.2 Mechanical damage
  8.4 Short- and medium-term applications of up to 25 years
  8.5 Assessment of long-term durability
      8.5.1 General
      8.5.2 Index test for long-term durability of polyester
             geosynthetics
      8.5.3 Evidence from service
      8.5.4 Accelerated testing
  8.6 Prediction of durability
      8.6.1 Statement of the durability
      8.6.2 Level of confidence
  8.7 Planning for future inspection
Bibliography

Gives guidelines for the assessment of the durability of geosynthetics, the object of which is to provide the design engineer with the necessary information, generally defined as changes in material properties or as partial safety factors, to ensure that the expected design life of a geosynthetic can be achieved with confidence.