BS ISO 21439:2009

Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Beta radiation sources and source data
   4.1 Ophthalmic and dural brachytherapy sources
   4.2 Intravascular brachytherapy sources
   4.3 Characteristics of radionuclides
   4.4 Source specification
5 Dose calculation parameters and formalisms
   5.1 General
   5.2 Radiation-field parameterization
   5.3 Radial dose profile
   5.4 Normalization of relative-dose data for seed sources
   5.5 Adaptation of the TG-43/60 formalism for a long
        beta radiation line source
   5.6 Reference data sets
   5.7 Parameters for source uniformity characterization
6 Calibration and traceability
   6.1 Measurand
   6.2 Traceability
   6.3 Reference point
   6.4 Primary standards
   6.5 Secondary standards
   6.6 Transfer standards
   6.7 Calibration of therapeutic beta radiation sources
7 Dose measurements in-phantom and measurement corrections
   7.1 Measurements in water or a water-equivalent phantom
   7.2 Detectors for beta radiation
   7.3 Conversion of absorbed dose in solid phantoms to
        absorbed dose to water
   7.4 Effective point of measurement in the detector
8 Theoretical modelling
   8.1 Point-dose kernels
   8.2 Monte Carlo simulation
9 Uncertainties in source calibrations
   9.1 General
   9.2 Uncertainty of primary standards
   9.3 Uncertainty of secondary standards
   9.4 Uncertainty of transfer standards
   9.5 Relationship of dosimetry uncertainty to positional
        error
   9.6 Uncertainty in theoretical modeling
10 Treatment planning and reporting
   10.1 General
   10.2 General aspects of treatment planning
   10.3 Documentation in ophthalmic brachytherapy
   10.4 Uncertainty of the dose delivered in ophthalmic
        brachytherapy
   10.5 Documentation in intravascular brachytherapy
   10.6 Reporting uncertainties in intravascular
        brachytherapy
11 Clinical quality control
   11.1 Acceptance tests
   11.2 Constancy checks
Annex A (normative) - Reference data
Annex B (informative) - Reference data sheet examples
Annex C (informative) - Primary standards for beta radiation
        dosimetry
Annex D (informative) - Detectors and phantom materials
        for clinical dosimetry of beta radiation
        brachytherapy sources
Annex E (informative) - Monte Carlo calculations
Annex F (informative) - Treatment planning
Bibliography

Describes methods for the determination of absorbed-dose distributions in water or tissue that are required prior to initiating procedures for the application of beta radiation in ophthalmic tumour and intravascular brachytherapy.

This International Standard specifies methods for the determination of absorbed-dose distributions in water or tissue that are required prior to initiating procedures for the application of beta radiation in ophthalmic tumour and intravascular brachytherapy^{[1], [2], [3]}. Recommendations are given for beta radiation source calibration, dosimetry measurements, dose calculation, dosimetric quality assurance, as well as for beta radiation brachytherapy treatment planning. Guidance is also given for estimating the uncertainty of the absorbed dose to water. This International Standard is applicable to “sealed” radioactive sources, such as plane and concave surface sources, source trains of single seeds, line sources, and shell and volume sources, for which only the beta radiation emitted is of therapeutic relevance.

The standardization of procedures in clinical dosimetry described in this International Standard serves as a basis for the reliable application of beta radiation brachytherapy. The specific dosimetric methods described in this International Standard apply to sources for the curative treatment of ophthalmic disease, for intravascular brachytherapy treatment, for overcoming the problem of restenosis and for other clinical applications using beta radiation.

This International Standard is geared towards organizations wishing to establish reference methods in dosimetry aiming at clinical demands for an appropriately small uncertainty of the delivered dose. This International Standard does not exclude the possibility that there can be other methods leading to the same or smaller measurement uncertainties.