BS 7370-4:1993

Committees responsible
Foreword
Guide
Section 1. General
Introduction
1.1 Scope
1.2 References
1.3 Definitions
1.4 Background information
Section 2. Categories of soft landscape
2.1 General
2.2 Trees
2.3 Scrub
2.4 Dune vegetation
2.5 Parks and garden styles of planting other than
      trees
2.6 Roses
2.7 Herbaceous plants and ornamental grasses
2.8 Rock gardens and borders
2.9 Bulbs
2.10 Seasonal beddings
2.11 Plants in containers
Section 3. Operations
3.1 Site assessment
3.2 Inspections
3.3 Protected trees
3.4 Maintenance programmes
3.5 Operations general to all types of plantings
3.6 Pruning
3.7 Tree operations
3.8 Operations on heaths and moors
3.9 Protective systems
3.10 Dune maintenance
Section 4. Recommended maintenance programmes for each
category of soft landscape
4.1 General procedure
4.2 Trees
4.3 Hedges
4.4 Scrub
4.5 Seminatural shrub-dominated areas containing
      gorse, heather and associated herbaceous plants
4.6 Dune system
4.7 Ornamental shrubs
4.8 Ground covering plants
4.9 Climbing plants
4.10 Roses
4.11 Herbaceous plants
4.12 Rock gardens and borders
4.13 Bulbs
4.14 Seasonal bedding
4.15 Plants in containers
Annexes
A. (informative) Bibliography
B. (normative) Operations recommended in different
     seasons on various aspects of soft landscape
C. (normative) Safety precautions
Tables
1. Field identification and description of soils
2. Frequency of watering hanging baskets in southern
     England
B.1 Operations recommended
Figures
1. Succession of species from open land to closed
     woodland
2. Mature woodland structure
3. Cultivation tools
4. Manuring mature trees
5. Informal supports chosen to be just below the
     height of the fully grown herbaceous plant
6. Tying-in low-slung branches
7. Shrub pruning
8. Layered and staked hedge
9. Rose pruning
10. Protection of forest nursery trees against gnawing
     animals
11. Tree guard for high amenity areas
12. Sawn-oak tree enclosure to protect trees against
     cattle
13. Fencing to exclude rabbits and other animals
14. Methods of using twin stakes
15. Tree sizes and supports
16. Props
17. Felling diagram
18. Tree felling
19. The effect of hinge shape on direction of fall
20. Handjack used for stump removal
21. Fencing for dunes
List of references

Describes categories recommending, where possible, maintenance objectives for each category.

This Part of BS 7370 gives recommendations for the management and maintenance of soft landscape that is intended primarily for amenity use. It is not intended to apply to areas used for the production of fruit or timber, or to specialized areas such as internal landscapes, roof gardens and ecology parks. The recommendations for maintenance given in this Part of BS 7370 apply to the growing conditions in the cool, temperate and fairly moist climate of the United Kingdom. Operations required in different seasons on various aspects of soft landscape are summarized in annex B.

Ornamental grasses and some species of grass of environmental value are covered in this Part of BS 7370, together with seminatural landscape types such as shrub and tree dominated areas, e.g. heathland, scrubland or grass and shrub dominated dune systems.

This Part of BS 7370 does not cover design aspects of landscape maintenance, nor is it intended to be a textbook on horticulture or forestry. Ecological and conservation aspects of management are given prominence where appropriate, and reference is made to suitable background reading in the text and the bibliography (see annex A).