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ASTM D 4439 : 2018

Superseded

Superseded

A superseded Standard is one, which is fully replaced by another Standard, which is a new edition of the same Standard.

View Superseded by

Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics

Available format(s)

Hardcopy , PDF

Superseded date

09-09-2020

Superseded by

ASTM D 4439 : 2020

Language(s)

English

Published date

01-05-2018

£57.59
Excluding VAT

Committee
D 35
DocumentType
Reference Material
Pages
6
PublisherName
American Society for Testing and Materials
Status
Superseded
SupersededBy
Supersedes

ASTM D 5993 : 2018 Standard Test Method for Measuring Mass per Unit Area of Geosynthetic Clay Liners
ASTM D 5496 : 2015 Standard Practice for In Field Immersion Testing of Geosynthetics
ASTM D 5819 : 2018 Standard Guide for Selecting Test Methods for Experimental Evaluation of Geosynthetic Durability
ASTM D 6051 : 2015 Standard Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsampling for Environmental Waste Management Activities
ASTM D 6102 : 2015 Standard Guide for Installation of Geosynthetic Clay Liners
ASTM D 6213 : 2017 Standard Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geogrids to Liquids
ASTM D 6241 : 2014 Standard Test Method for Static Puncture Strength of Geotextiles and Geotextile-Related Products Using a 50-mm Probe
ASTM D 6389 : 2017 Standard Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geotextiles to Liquids
ASTM D 6475 : 2017 Standard Test Method for Measuring Mass per Unit Area of Erosion Control Blankets
ASTM D 6566 : 2018 Standard Test Method for Measuring Mass Per Unit Area of Turf Reinforcement Mats
ASTM D 6747 : 2015 Standard Guide for Selection of Techniques for Electrical Leak Location of Leaks in Geomembranes
ASTM D 6767 : 2016 Standard Test Method for Pore Size Characteristics of Geotextiles by Capillary Flow Test
ASTM D 6992 : 2016 Standard Test Method for Accelerated Tensile Creep and Creep-Rupture of Geosynthetic Materials Based on Time-Temperature Superposition Using the Stepped Isothermal Method
ASTM D 7002 : 2016 Standard Practice for Electrical Leak Location on Exposed Geomembranes Using the Water Puddle Method
ASTM D 7007 : 2016 Standard Practices for Electrical Methods for Locating Leaks in Geomembranes Covered with Water or Earthen Materials
ASTM D 7240 : 2018 Standard Practice for Electrical Leak Location Using Geomembranes with an Insulating Layer in Intimate Contact with a Conductive Layer via Electrical Capacitance Technique (Conductive-Backed Geomembrane Spark Test)
ASTM D 7408 : 2012 Standard Specification for Non Reinforced PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) Geomembrane Seams
ASTM D 7703 : 2016 Standard Practice for Electrical Leak Location on Exposed Geomembranes Using the Water Lance Method
ASTM D 7701 : 2011 Standard Test Method for Determining the Flow Rate of Water and Suspended Solids from a Geotextile Bag (Withdrawn 2020)
ASTM D 7700 : 2015 Standard Guide for Selecting Test Methods for Geomembrane Seams
ASTM D 7852 : 2013 Standard Practice for Use of an Electrically Conductive Geotextile for Leak Location Surveys
ASTM D 7853 : 2013 Standard Test Method for Hydraulic Pullout Resistance of a Geomembrane with Locking Extensions Embedded in Concrete
ASTM D 6817/D6817M : 2017 Standard Specification for Rigid Cellular Polystyrene Geofoam
ASTM D 6214/D6214M : 1998 : R2013 : EDT 1 Standard Test Method for Determining the Integrity of Field Seams Used in Joining Geomembranes by Chemical Fusion Methods
ASTM D 4632/D4632M : 2015 : REV A Standard Test Method for Grab Breaking Load and Elongation of Geotextiles
ASTM D 7003/D7003M : 2003 : R2013 : EDT 1 Standard Test Method for Strip Tensile Properties of Reinforced Geomembranes
ASTM D 7004/D7004M : 2003 : R2013 : EDT 1 Standard Test Method for Grab Tensile Properties of Reinforced Geomembranes
ASTM D 7273/D7273M : 2008 : R2013 : EDT 1 Standard Guide for for Acceptance Testing Requirements for Geonets and Geonet Drainage Geocomposites
ASTM D 4833/D4833M : 2007 : R2013 : EDT 1 Standard Test Method for Index Puncture Resistance of Geomembranes and Related Products
ASTM D 7702/D7702M : 2014 Standard Guide for Considerations When Evaluating Direct Shear Results Involving Geosynthetics
ASTM D 7180/D7180M : 2005 : R2013 : EDT 1 Standard Guide for Use of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Geofoam in Geotechnical Projects
ASTM D 7557/D7557M : 2009 : R2013 : EDT 1 Standard Practice for Sampling of Expanded Polystyrene Geofoam Specimens
ASTM D 7880/D7880M : 2013 Standard Test Method for Determining Flow Rate of Water and Suspended Solids Retention from a Closed Geosynthetic Bag (Withdrawn 2022)
ASTM D 7865 : 2013 Standard Guide for Identification, Packaging, Handling, Storage and Deployment of Fabricated Geomembrane Panels
ASTM D 6243/D6243M : 2016 Standard Test Method for Determining the Internal and Interface Shear Strength of Geosynthetic Clay Liner by the Direct Shear Method
ASTM D 4716/D4716M : 2014 Standard Test Method for Determining the (In-plane) Flow Rate per Unit Width and Hydraulic Transmissivity of a Geosynthetic Using a Constant Head
ASTM D 5514/D5514M : 2018 Standard Test Method for Large-Scale Hydrostatic Puncture Testing of Geosynthetics
ASTM D 4884/D4884M : 2014 : REV A Standard Test Method for Strength of Sewn or Bonded Seams of Geotextiles
ASTM D 7498/D7498M : 2009 : R2014 : EDT 1 Standard Test Method for Vertical Strip Drains Using a Large Scale Consolidation Test
ASTM D 7909 : 2014 Standard Guide for Placement of Blind Actual Leaks during Electrical Leak Location Surveys of Geomembranes
ASTM E 2777 : 2014 Standard Guide for Vegetative (Green) Roof Systems
ASTM D 7953 : 2014 Standard Practice for Electrical Leak Location on Exposed Geomembranes Using the Arc Testing Method
ASTM D 4355/D4355M : 2014 : R2018 Standard Test Method for Deterioration of Geotextiles by Exposure to Light, Moisture and Heat in a Xenon Arc-Type Apparatus
ASTM D 7982 : 2015 Standard Practice for Testing of Factory Thermo-Fusion Seams for Fabricated Geomembrane Panels
ASTM D 4533/D4533M : 2015 Standard Test Method for Trapezoid Tearing Strength of Geotextiles
ASTM D 5885/D5885M : 2017 Standard Test Method for Oxidative Induction Time of Polyolefin Geosynthetics by High-Pressure Differential Scanning Calorimetry
ASTM D 5884/D5884M : 2004 : REV A : R2015 : EDT 1 Standard Test Method for Determining Tearing Strength of Internally Reinforced Geomembranes
ASTM D 7106/D7106M : 2005 : R2015 : EDT 1 Standard Guide for Selection of Test Methods for Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer (EPDM) Geomembranes
ASTM D 6497/D6497M : 2002 : R2015 : EDT 1 Standard Guide for Mechanical Attachment of Geomembrane to Penetrations or Structures
ASTM D 5994/D5994M : 2010 : R2015 : EDT 1 Standard Test Method for Measuring Core Thickness of Textured Geomembranes
ASTM D 7466/D7466M : 2010 : R2015 : EDT 1 Standard Test Method for Measuring Asperity Height of Textured Geomembranes
ASTM D 7177/D7177M : 2005 : R2015 : EDT 1 Standard Specification for Air Channel Evaluation of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Dual Track Seamed Geomembranes
ASTM D 6693/D6693M : 2004 : R2015 : EDT 1 Standard Test Method for Determining Tensile Properties of Nonreinforced Polyethylene and Nonreinforced Flexible Polypropylene Geomembranes
ASTM D 4594/D4594M : 1996 : R2015 : EDT 1 Standard Test Method for Effects of Temperature on Stability of Geotextiles
ASTM D 7864/D7864M : 2015 Standard Test Method for Determining the Aperture Stability Modulus of Geogrids
ASTM D 7005/D7005M : 2016 Standard Test Method for Determining the Bond Strength (Ply Adhesion) of Geocomposites
ASTM D 4491/D4491M : 2017 Standard Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextiles by Permittivity
ASTM D 6637/D6637M : 2015 Standard Test Method for Determining Tensile Properties of Geogrids by the Single or Multi-Rib Tensile Method
ASTM D 7737/D7737M : 2015 Standard Test Method for Individual Geogrid Junction Strength
ASTM D 5970/D5970M : 2016 Standard Test Method for Deterioration of Geotextiles from Outdoor Exposure
ASTM D 4873/D4873M : 2017 Standard Guide for Identification, Storage, and Handling of Geosynthetic Rolls and Samples
ASTM D 6454/D6454M : 1999 : R2016 : EDT 1 Standard Test Method for Determining the Short-Term Compression Behavior of Turf Reinforcement Mats (TRMs)
ASTM D 6461/D6461M : 2018 Standard Specifications for Silt Fence Materials
ASTM D 6575/D6575M : 2016 Standard Test Method for Determining Stiffness of Geosynthetics Used as Turf Reinforcement Mats (TRMs)
ASTM D 6524/D6524M : 2016 Standard Test Method for Measuring the Resiliency of Turf Reinforcement Mats (TRMs)
ASTM D 5889/D5889M : 2018 Standard Practice for Quality Control of Geosynthetic Clay Liners
ASTM D 5887/D5887M : 2016 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Index Flux Through Saturated Geosynthetic Clay Liner Specimens Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter
ASTM D 5641/D5641M : 2016 Standard Practice for Geomembrane Seam Evaluation by Vacuum Chamber
ASTM D 8057 : 2017 Standard Specification for Inlet Filters with a Rigid Frame
ASTM D 8117 : 2017 Standard Test Method for Oxidative Induction Time of Polyolefin Geosynthetics by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
ASTM D 7931 : 2018 Standard Guide for Specifying Drainage Geocomposites
ASTM D 8173 : 2018 Standard Guide for Site Preparation, Layout, Installation, and Hydration of Geosynthetic Cementitious Composite Mats
ASTM D 8172 : 2018 Standard Test Method for Shear and Peel Strength of Solvent-Welded Seams with Nonreinforced Geomembranes
ASTM D 8203 : 2018 Standard Test Method for Determination of the Horizontal Water Flow Rate of a Geosynthetic Screening Material, Product, or Device
ASTM D 7176 : 2006 : R2018 Standard Specification for Non-Reinforced Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Geomembranes Used in Buried Applications
ASTM D 8204 : 2018 Standard Practice for Burial and Retrieval of Samples in a Test Pad to Evaluate Installation Effects on Geosynthetic Clay Liners
ASTM D 7179 : 2018 Standard Test Method for Determining Geonet Breaking Force
ASTM D 6567 : 2018 Standard Test Method for Measuring the Light Penetration of a Rolled Erosion Control Product (RECP)
ASTM D 6638 : 2018 Standard Test Method for Determining Connection Strength Between Geosynthetic Reinforcement and Segmental Concrete Units (Modular Concrete Blocks)
ASTM D 6916 : 2018 Standard Test Method for Determining the Shear Strength Between Segmental Concrete Units (Modular Concrete Blocks)
ASTM D 4759 : 2011 : R2018 Standard Practice for Determining the Specification Conformance of Geosynthetics
ASTM D 5101 : 2012 : R2017 Standard Test Method for Measuring the Filtration Compatibility of Soil-Geotextile Systems
ASTM D 5141 : 2011 : R2018 Standard Test Method for Determining Filtering Efficiency and Flow Rate of the Filtration Component of a Sediment Retention Device
ASTM D 5262 : 2007 : R2016 Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Unconfined Tension Creep and Creep Rupture Behavior of Geosynthetics
ASTM D 5493 : 2006 : R2016 Standard Test Method for Permittivity of Geotextiles Under Load
ASTM D 5494 : 1993 : R2018 Standard Test Method for the Determination of Pyramid Puncture Resistance of Unprotected and Protected Geomembranes
ASTM D 5596 : 2003 : R2016 Standard Test Method For Microscopic Evaluation of the Dispersion of Carbon Black in Polyolefin Geosynthetics
ASTM D 5617 : 2004 : R2015 Standard Test Method for Multi-Axial Tension Test for Geosynthetics
ASTM D 5818 : 2011 : R2018 Standard Practice for Exposure and Retrieval of Samples to Evaluate Installation Damage of Geosynthetics
ASTM D 5820 : 1995 : R2018 Standard Practice for Pressurized Air Channel Evaluation of Dual-Seamed Geomembranes
ASTM D 5886 : 1995 : R2018 Standard Guide for Selection of Test Methods to Determine Rate of Fluid Permeation Through Geomembranes for Specific Applications
ASTM D 6088 : 2006 : R2016 Standard Practice for Installation of Geocomposite Pavement Drains
ASTM D 6140 : 2000 : R2014 Standard Test Method to Determine Asphalt Retention of Paving Fabrics Used in Asphalt Paving for Full-Width Applications
ASTM D 6244 : 2006 : R2018 Standard Test Method for Vertical Compression of Geocomposite Pavement Panel Drains
ASTM D 6364 : 2006 : R2018 Standard Test Method for Determining Short-Term Compression Behavior of Geosynthetics
ASTM D 6365 : 1999 : R2018 Standard Practice for Nondestructive Testing of Geomembrane Seams Using the Spark Test
ASTM D 6392 : 2012 : R2018 Standard Test Method for Determining the Integrity of Nonreinforced Geomembrane Seams Produced Using Thermo-Fusion Methods
ASTM D 6455 : 2011 : R2018 Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Prefabricated Bituminous Geomembranes (PBGMs)
ASTM D 6636 : 2001 : R2018 Standard Test Method for Determination of Ply Adhesion Strength of Reinforced Geomembranes
ASTM D 6685 : 2001 : R2015 Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Fabrics Used for Fabric Formed Concrete (FFC) (Withdrawn 2024)
ASTM D 6706 : 2001 : R2013 Standard Test Method for Measuring Geosynthetic Pullout Resistance in Soil
ASTM D 6918 : 2009 : R2014 : EDT 1 Standard Test Method for Testing Vertical Strip Drains in the Crimped Condition
ASTM D 7001 : 2006 : R2011 Standard Specification for Geocomposites for Pavement Edge Drains and Other High-Flow Applications
ASTM D 7272 : 2006 : R2018 Standard Test Method for Determining the Integrity of Seams Used in Joining Geomembranes by Premanufactured Taped Methods
ASTM D 7274 : 2006 : REV A : R2018 : EDT 1 Standard Test Method for Mineral Stabilizer Content of Prefabricated Bituminous Geomembranes (PBGMs)
ASTM D 7275 : 2007 : R2018 Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Bituminous Geomembranes (BGMs)
ASTM D 7361 : 2007 : R2018 Standard Test Method for Accelerated Compressive Creep of Geosynthetic Materials Based on Time-Temperature Superposition Using the Stepped Isothermal Method
ASTM D 7406 : 2007 : R2012 Standard Test Method for Time-Dependent (Creep) Deformation Under Constant Pressure for Geosynthetic Drainage Products
ASTM D 7407 : 2007 : R2012 Standard Guide for Determining The Transmission of Gases Through Geomembranes
ASTM D 7499/D7499M : 2009 : R2014 Standard Test Method for Measuring Geosynthetic-Soil Resilient Interface Shear Stiffness
ASTM D 7747/D7747M : 2011 : R2018 Standard Test Method for Determining Integrity of Seams Produced Using Thermo-Fusion Methods for Reinforced Geomembranes by the Strip Tensile Method
ASTM D 7749 : 2011 : R2018 Standard Test Method for Determining Integrity of Seams Produced Using Thermo-Fusion Methods for Reinforced Geomembranes by the Grab Method
ASTM D 6574/D6574M : 2013 : EDT 1 Standard Test Method for Determining the (In-Plane) Hydraulic Transmissivity of a Geosynthetic by Radial Flow
ASTM D 7178 : 2016 : EDT 1 Standard Practice for Determining the Number of Constrictions “<emph type="bdit" >m</emph>” of Non-Woven Geotextiles as a Complementary Filtration Property
ASTM D 7465/D7465M : 2015 : R2019 Standard Specification for Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer (EPDM) Sheet Used In Geomembrane Applications
ASTM D 7748/D7748M : 2014 : EDT 1 Standard Test Method for Flexural Rigidity of Geogrids, Geotextiles and Related Products
ASTM D 5681 : 2018 Standard Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
ASTM D 6072/D6072M : 2019 Standard Practice for Obtaining Samples of Geosynthetic Clay Liners
ASTM D 2643/D2643M : 2008 : R2019 Standard Specification for Prefabricated Bituminous Geomembrane Used as Canal and Ditch Liner (Exposed Type)
ASTM D 5323 : 2019 : REV A Standard Practice for Determination of 2 % Secant Modulus for Polyethylene Geomembranes
ASTM D 6707/D6707M : 2006 : R2019 Standard Specification for Circular-Knit Geotextile for Use in Subsurface Drainage Applications
ASTM D 5888 : 2019 Standard Guide for Storage and Handling of Geosynthetic Clay Liners
ASTM D 6496/D6496M : 2019 Standard Test Method for Determining Average Bonding Peel Strength Between Top and Bottom Layers of Needle-Punched Geosynthetic Clay Liners
ASTM D 6768/D6768M : 2019 Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Geosynthetic Clay Liners
ASTM D 5199 : 2012 : R2019 Standard Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thickness of Geosynthetics
ASTM D 5321/D5321M : 2019 Standard Test Method for Determining the Shear Strength of Soil-Geosynthetic and Geosynthetic-Geosynthetic Interfaces by Direct Shear
ASTM D 6766 : 2020 Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Hydraulic Properties of Geosynthetic Clay Liners Permeated with Potentially Incompatible Aqueous Solutions
ASTM D 5747/D5747M : 2020 Standard Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geomembranes to Liquids
ASTM D 5397 : 2019 : REV A Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resistance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notched Constant Tensile Load Test
ASTM D 8265 : 2019 Standard Practices for Electrical Methods for Mapping Leaks in Installed Geomembranes
ASTM D 5261 : 2010 : R2018 Standard Test Method for Measuring Mass per Unit Area of Geotextiles
ASTM D 4885 : 2001 : R2018 Standard Test Method for Determining Performance Strength of Geomembranes by the Wide Strip Tensile Method
ASTM D 7613 : 2017 : R2019 Standard Specification for Flexible Polypropylene Reinforced (fPP-R) and Nonreinforced (fPP) Geomembranes
ASTM D 7556 : 2010 : R2019 Standard Test Methods for Determining Small-Strain Tensile Properties of Geogrids and Geotextiles by In-Air Cyclic Tension Tests
ASTM D 5721 : 2008 : R2018 Standard Practice for Air-Oven Aging of Polyolefin Geomembranes
ASTM D 7008 : 2008 : R2018 Standard Specification for Geosynthetic Alternate Daily Covers
ASTM D 6434 : 2012 : R2018 Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Flexible Polypropylene Geomembranes
ASTM D 7239 : 2013 : R2018 Standard Specification for Hybrid Geosynthetic Paving Mat for Highway Applications
ASTM D 6141 : 2018 Standard Guide for Screening Clay Portion and Index Flux of Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL) for Chemical Compatibility to Liquids
ASTM D 5567 : 1994 : R2018 Standard Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Ratio (HCR) Testing of Soil/Geotextile Systems
ASTM D 6388 : 2018 Standard Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geonets to Liquids
ASTM D 1987 : 2018 Standard Test Method for Biological Clogging of Geotextile or Soil/Geotextile Filters
ASTM D 4354 : 2012 Standard Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled Erosion Control Products(RECPs) for Testing
ASTM D 4595 : 2017 Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Strip Method
ASTM D 4751 : 2016 Standard Test Methods for Determining Apparent Opening Size of a Geotextile
ASTM D 4886 : 2018 Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Geotextiles (Sandpaper/Sliding Block Method)
ASTM D 5322 : 2017 Standard Practice for Laboratory Immersion Procedures for Evaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics to Liquids
ASTM D 5334 : 2014 Standard Test Method for Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Soil and Soft Rock by Thermal Needle Probe Procedure

ASTM D 5101 : 1999 Standard Test Method for Measuring the Soil-Geotextile System Clogging Potential by the Gradient Ratio
ASTM D 5322 : 1998 Standard Practice for Immersion Procedures for Evaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics to Liquids
ASTM D 1987 : 2007 : R2016 Standard Test Method for Biological Clogging of Geotextile or Soil/Geotextile Filters
ASTM D 5567 : 1994 : R1999 Standard Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Ratio (HCR) Testing of Soil/Geotextile Systems
ASTM D 5494 : 1993 : R1999 Standard Test Method for the Determination of Pyramid Puncture Resistance of Unprotected and Protected Geomembranes
ASTM D 5323 : 1992 : R2018 Standard Practice for Determination of 2 % Secant Modulus for Polyethylene Geomembranes
ASTM D 5818 : 1995 : R2000 Standard Practice for Obtaining Samples of Geosynthetics from a Test Section for Assessment of Installation Damage
ASTM D 4751 : 1999 : REV A Standard Test Method for Determining Apparent Opening Size of a Geotextile
ASTM D 5397 : 1999 Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resistance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notched Constant Tensile Load Test
ASTM D 5262 : 1997 Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Unconfined Tension Creep Behavior of Geosynthetics
ASTM D 5141 : 1996 : R1999 Standard Test Method for Determining Filtering Efficiency and Flow Rate of a Geotextile for Silt Fence Application Using Site-Specific Soil
ASTM D 4595 : 1986 : R1994 Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Strip Method
ASTM D 5594 : 1998 Standard Test Method for Determination of the Vinyl Acetate Content of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA) Copolymers by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)
ASTM D 4885 : 1988 : R1995 Standard Test Method for Determining Performance Strength of Geomembranes by the Wide Strip Tensile Method
ASTM D 1987 : 1995 Standard Test Method for Biological Clogging of Geotextile or Soil/Geotextile Filters
ASTM D 4354 : 1999 Standard Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for Testing
ASTM D 4759 : 1988 : R1996 Standard Practice for Determining the Specification Conformance of Geosynthetics
ASTM D 5496 : 1998 Standard Practice for In Field Immersion Testing of Geosynthetics
ASTM D 5323 : 1992 : R1999 Standard Practice for Determination of 2% Secant Modulus for Polyethylene Geomembranes
ASTM D 5820 : 1995 Standard Practice for Pressurized Air Channel Evaluation of Dual Seamed Geomembranes
ASTM D 5594 : 2018 : REV A Standard Test Method for Determination of the Vinyl Acetate Content of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA) Copolymers by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)
ASTM D 5594 : 2018 Standard Test Method for Determination of the Vinyl Acetate Content of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA) Copolymers by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)

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