ASTM D 1248 : 2016
Current
The latest, up-to-date edition.
Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Extrusion Materials for Wire and Cable
Hardcopy , PDF
English
15-11-2016
This specification provides for the identification of polyethylene plastics extrusion materials for wire and cable in such a manner that the seller and the purchaser can agree on the acceptability of different commercial lots or shipments.
Committee |
D 20
|
DocumentType |
Standard
|
Pages |
9
|
PublisherName |
American Society for Testing and Materials
|
Status |
Current
|
Supersedes |
1.1This specification provides for the identification of polyethylene plastics extrusion materials for wire and cable in such a manner that the seller and the purchaser can agree on the acceptability of different commercial lots or shipments. The tests involved in this specification are intended to provide information for identifying materials according to the types, classes, categories, and grades covered. It is not the function of this specification to provide specific engineering data for design purposes.
1.2This specification does not allow for the use of recycled plastics (see Note 3).
1.3The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 12, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1:There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
Note 2:This standard has undergone major revision from the reapproval of 1989 and now covers only polyethylene for wire and cable applications. For information regarding molding and extrusion materials, see Specification D4976. For information regarding plastic pipe materials, see Specification D3350.
Note 3:See Guide D7209and 3.1.2 of this standard for information and definitions related to recycled plastics.
ASTM C 586 : 2011 : R2019 | Standard Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Carbonate Rocks as Concrete Aggregates (Rock-Cylinder Method) |
ASTM D 2655 : 2019 | Standard Specification for Crosslinked Polyethylene Insulation for Wire and Cable Rated 0 to 2000 V, 90°C Operation |
ASTM D 2633 : 2013 : REV A | Standard Test Methods for Thermoplastic Insulations and Jackets for Wire and Cable |
ASTM D 7436 : 2017 | Standard Classification System for Unfilled Polyethylene Plastics Molding and Extrusion Materials with a Fractional Melt Index Using ISO Protocol and Methodology |
ASTM D 2308 : 2007 : R2013 | Standard Specification for Thermoplastic Polyethylene Jacket for Electrical Wire and Cable |
ASTM D 1351 : 2014 | Standard Specification for Thermoplastic Polyethylene Insulation for Electrical Wire and Cable |
ASTM D 4967 : 1999 : R2013 | Standard Guide for Selecting Materials to Be Used for Insulation, Jacketing and Strength Components in Fiber-Optic Cables |
ASTM D 5477 : 2018 | Standard Practice for Identification of Polymer Layers or Inclusions by Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy (FT-IR) |
ASTM D 4565 : 2015 | Standard Test Methods for Physical and Environmental Performance Properties of <brk/>Insulations and Jackets for Telecommunications Wire and Cable |
ASTM D 4703 : 2016 | Standard Practice for Compression Molding Thermoplastic Materials into Test Specimens, Plaques, or Sheets |
ASTM D 4000 : 2016 | Standard Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materials |
ASTM D 3349 : 2017 | Standard Test Method for Absorption Coefficient of Ethylene Polymer Material Pigmented with Carbon Black |
ASTM D 3554 : 2007 : R2018 | Standard Specification for Track-Resistant Black Thermoplastic High-Density Polyethylene Insulation for Wire and Cable, 75 °C Operation |
ASTM F 432 : 2013 | Standard Specification for Roof and Rock Bolts and Accessories |
ASTM D 3218 : 2007 : R2018 | Standard Specification for Polyolefin Monofilaments |
ASTM D 3350 : 2014 | Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials |
ASTM A 888 : 2018 : REV A | Standard Specification for Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings for Sanitary and Storm Drain, Waste, and Vent Piping Applications |
ASTM A 74 : 2017 | Standard Specification for Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings |
ASTM D 4883 : 2018 | Standard Test Method for Density of Polyethylene by the Ultrasound Technique |
ASTM D 2656 : 2013 | Standard Specification for Crosslinked Polyethylene Insulation for Wire and Cable Rated 2001 to 35 000 V |
ASTM D 1709 : 2016 : REV A : EDT 1 | Standard Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Plastic Film by the Free-Falling Dart Method |
ASTM D 4976 : 2012 : REV A | Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Molding and Extrusion Materials |
ASTM D 2238 : 1992 : R2012 : EDT 1 | Standard Test Methods for Absorbance of Polyethylene Due to Methyl Groups at 1378 cm<sup>−1</sup> (Withdrawn 2021) |
ASTM D 1693 : 2015 | Standard Test Method for Environmental Stress-Cracking of Ethylene Plastics |
ASTM D 3182 : 2015 | Standard Practice for Rubber—Materials, Equipment, and Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Preparing Standard Vulcanized Sheets |
ASTM D 4703 : 2002 | Standard Practice for Compression Molding Thermoplastic Materials into Test Specimens, Plaques, or Sheets |
ASTM D 2839 : 2016 : R2023 | Standard Practice for Use of a Melt Index Strand for Determining Density of Polyethylene |
ASTM D 1238 : 2000 | Standard Test Method for Melt Flow Rates of Thermoplastics by Extrusion Plastometer |
ASTM D 1238 : 2004 : REV C | Standard Test Method for Melt Flow Rates of Thermoplastics by Extrusion Plastometer |
ASTM D 1531 : 2006 | Standard Test Methods for Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) and Dissipation Factor by Fluid Displacement Procedures (Withdrawn 2012) |
ASTM D 1693 : 2000 | Standard Test Method for Environmental Stress-Cracking of Ethylene Plastics |
ASTM D 3636 : 2024 | Standard Practice for Sampling and Judging Quality of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials |
ASTM E 1131 : 2003 | Standard Test Method for Compositional Analysis by Thermogravimetry |
ASTM D 2839 : 2016 | Standard Practice for Use of a Melt Index Strand for Determining Density of Polyethylene |
ASTM D 150 : 2022 | Standard Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulation |
ASTM D 1238 : 2023 | Standard Test Method for Melt Flow Rates of Thermoplastics by Extrusion Plastometer |
ASTM D 1238 : 2023 : REV A | Standard Test Method for Melt Flow Rates of Thermoplastics by Extrusion Plastometer |
ASTM D 3892 : 2015 : R2020 | Standard Practice for Packaging/Packing of Plastics |
ASTM D 3636 : 2000 | Standard Practice for Sampling and Judging Quality of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials |
ASTM D 4329 : 2021 | Standard Practice for Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV) Lamp Apparatus Exposure of Plastics |
ASTM D 3182 : 2007 : R2012 | Standard Practice for Rubber—Materials, Equipment, and Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Preparing Standard Vulcanized Sheets |
ASTM D 4976 : 2006 | Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Molding and Extrusion Materials |
ASTM D 1238 : 2013 | Standard Test Method for Melt Flow Rates of Thermoplastics by Extrusion Plastometer |
ASTM D 4976 : 2000 : REV B | Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Molding and Extrusion Materials |
ASTM D 1603 : 2001 | Standard Test Method for Carbon Black In Olefin Plastics |
ASTM G 154 : 2016 | Standard Practice for Operating Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV) Lamp Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials |
ASTM D 1238 : 2010 | Standard Test Method for Melt Flow Rates of Thermoplastics by Extrusion Plastometer |
ASTM D 3350 : 2000 | Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials |
ASTM D 3350 : 2024 | Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials |
ASTM D 4976 : 2004 : REV A | Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Molding and Extrusion Materials |
ASTM G 153 : 2013 | Standard Practice for Operating Enclosed Carbon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials |
ASTM D 2633 : 2002 | Standard Test Methods for Thermoplastic Insulations and Jackets for Wire and Cable |
ASTM D 2633 : 2012 | Standard Test Methods for Thermoplastic Insulations and Jackets for Wire and Cable |
ASTM D 3892 : 1993 : R2003 | Standard Practice for Packaging/Packing of Plastics |
ASTM D 3892 : 2015 | Standard Practice for Packaging/Packing of Plastics |
ASTM E 1131 : 2008 : R2014 | Standard Test Method for Compositional Analysis by Thermogravimetry |
ASTM D 3182 : 1989 : R2006 | Standard Practice for Rubber-Materials, Equipment, and Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Preparing Standard Vulcanized Sheets |
ASTM D 2633 : 2008 | Standard Test Methods for Thermoplastic Insulations and Jackets for Wire and Cable |
ASTM D 257 : 2014 | Standard Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials |
ASTM D 4976 : 2004 | Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Molding and Extrusion Materials |
ASTM D 4703 : 2003 | Standard Practice for Compression Molding Thermoplastic Materials into Test Specimens, Plaques, or Sheets |
ASTM D 3350 : 2008 | Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials |
ASTM D 2633 : 1982 : R1989 | Standard Methods of Testing Thermoplastic Insulations and Jackets for Wire and Cable |
ASTM D 7209 : 2006 | Standard Guide for Waste Reduction, Resource Recovery, and Use of Recycled Polymeric Materials and Products (Withdrawn 2015) |
ASTM D 1531 : 1995 | Standard Test Methods for Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) and Dissipation Factor by Fluid Displacement Procedures |
ASTM D 1693 : 2008 | Standard Test Method for Environmental Stress-Cracking of Ethylene Plastics |
ASTM D 3350 : 2021 | Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials |
ASTM D 3892 : 1993 : R1998 | Standard Practice for Packaging/Packing of Plastics |
ASTM D 4703 : 1993 | Standard Practice for Compression Molding Thermoplastic Materials into Test Specimens, Plaques, or Sheets |
ASTM D 3350 : 2002 | Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials |
ASTM D 3182 : 1989 : R2001 : EDT 1 | Standard Practice for Rubber-Materials, Equipment, and Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Preparing Standard Vulcanized Sheets |
ASTM D 1505 : 2003 | Standard Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient Technique |
ASTM D 3636 : 2013 : REV A : EDT 1 | Standard Practice for Sampling and Judging Quality of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials |
ASTM D 3349 : 2021 | Standard Test Method for Absorption Coefficient of Ethylene Polymer Material Pigmented with Carbon Black |
ASTM D 1693 : 2015 | Standard Test Method for Environmental Stress-Cracking of Ethylene Plastics |
ASTM D 1693 : 2012 | Standard Test Method for Environmental Stress-Cracking of Ethylene Plastics |
ASTM D 3350 : 2014 | Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials |
ASTM G 154 : 2023 | Standard Practice for Operating Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV) Lamp Apparatus for Exposure of Materials |
ASTM D 2839 : 1996 | Standard Test Method for Use of a Melt Index Strand for Determining Density of Polyethylene |
ASTM D 6360 : 2007 | Standard Practice for Enclosed Carbon-Arc Exposures of Plastics |
ASTM D 1693 : 1994 | Standard Test Method for Environmental Stress-Cracking of Ethylene Plastics |
ASTM D 2633 : 1996 | Standard Methods of Testing Thermoplastic Insulations and Jackets for Wire and Cable |
ASTM E 1131 : 2020 | Standard Test Method for Compositional Analysis by Thermogravimetry |
ASTM D 2565 : 2023 | Standard Practice for Xenon-Arc Exposure of Plastics Intended for Outdoor Applications |
ASTM D 4976 : 2012 | Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Molding and Extrusion Materials |
ASTM D 4329 : 2013 | Standard Practice for Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV) Lamp Apparatus Exposure of Plastics |
ASTM D 6360 : 2015 | Standard Practice for Enclosed Carbon-Arc Exposures of Plastics |
ASTM D 4703 : 2010 | Standard Practice for Compression Molding Thermoplastic Materials into Test Specimens, Plaques, or Sheets |
ASTM D 3350 : 2004 | Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials |
ASTM D 1603 : 2020 | Standard Test Method for Carbon Black Content in Olefin Plastics |
ASTM D 3350 : 2002 : REV A | Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials |
ASTM E 1131 : 2008 | Standard Test Method for Compositional Analysis by Thermogravimetry |
ASTM D 1693 : 2021 | Standard Test Method for Environmental Stress-Cracking of Ethylene Plastics |
ASTM D 3350 : 2012 | Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials |
ASTM D 1531 : 2001 | Standard Test Methods for Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) and Dissipation Factor by Fluid Displacement Procedures |
ASTM D 3350 : 2001 | Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials |
ASTM D 1603 : 2011 | Standard Test Method for Carbon Black Content in Olefin Plastics |
ASTM D 4976 : 2012 : REV A : R2020 | Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Molding and Extrusion Materials |
ASTM D 3636 : 2006 | Standard Practice for Sampling and Judging Quality of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials |
ASTM D 4976 : 2002 | Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Molding and Extrusion Materials |
ASTM D 2565 : 1992 | Standard Practice for Operating Xenon Arc-Type Light-Exposure Apparatus with and Without Water for Exposure of Plastics |
ASTM D 3350 : 2012 : EDT 1 | Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials |
ASTM G 155 : 2021 | Standard Practice for Operating Xenon Arc Lamp Apparatus for Exposure of Materials |
ASTM D 6360 : 2015 : R2021 | Standard Practice for Enclosed Carbon-Arc Exposures of Plastics |
ASTM D 1603 : 1994 | Standard Test Method for Carbon Black In Olefin Plastics |
ASTM D 3636 : 2019 | Standard Practice for Sampling and Judging Quality of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials |
ASTM D 3636 : 2013 | Standard Practice for Sampling and Judging Quality of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials |
ASTM D 3182 : 2007 | Standard Practice for Rubber-Materials, Equipment, and Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Preparing Standard Vulcanized Sheets |
ASTM D 1693 : 2005 | Standard Test Method for Environmental Stress-Cracking of Ethylene Plastics |
ASTM D 2565 : 1999 | Standard Practice for Xenon Arc Exposure of Plastics Intended for Outdoor Applications |
ASTM D 638 : 2014 | Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics |
ASTM D 1238 : 2004 | Standard Test Method for Melt Flow Rates of Thermoplastics by Extrusion Plastometer |
ASTM D 1603 : 2006 | Standard Test Method for Carbon Black Content in Olefin Plastics |
ASTM D 1531 : 2001 : EDT 1 | Standard Test Methods for Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) and Dissipation Factor by Fluid Displacement Procedures |
ASTM D 2633 : 2020 | Standard Test Methods for Thermoplastic Insulations and Jackets for Wire and Cable |
ASTM D 1505 : 1968 : R1979 | Standard Test Method for Density Of Plastics By The Density-Gradient Technique |
ASTM G 153 : 2013 : R2021 | Standard Practice for Operating Enclosed Carbon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials |
ASTM D 6360 : 1999 | Standard Practice for Enclosed Carbon-Arc Exposures of Plastics |
ASTM D 3349 : 2012 | Standard Test Method for Absorption Coefficient of Ethylene Polymer Material Pigmented with Carbon Black |
ASTM D 4329 : 1999 | Standard Practice for Fluorescent UV Exposure of Plastics |
ASTM D 4329 : 2005 | Standard Practice for Fluorescent UV Exposure of Plastics |
ASTM D 2565 : 1970 | Standard Recommended Practice For Operating Xenon Arc-Type (Water-Cooled) Light - And Water-Exposure Apparatus For Exposure Of Plastics |
ASTM D 3350 : 2010 | Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials |
ASTM D 2839 : 2010 | Standard Practice for Use of a Melt Index Strand for Determining Density of Polyethylene |
ASTM D 618 : 2013 | Standard Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing |
ASTM D 2839 : 2005 | Standard Practice for Use of a Melt Index Strand for Determining Density of Polyethylene |
ASTM D 2951 : 2000 | Standard Test Method for Resistance of Types III and IV Polyethylene Plastics to Thermal Stress-Cracking (Withdrawn 2006) |
ASTM D 1693 : 2007 : REV A | Standard Test Method for Environmental Stress-Cracking of Ethylene Plastics |
ASTM D 1505 : 2010 | Standard Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient Technique |
ASTM G 155 : 2013 | Standard Practice for Operating Xenon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Non-Metallic Materials |
ASTM D 3350 : 2006 | Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials |
ASTM D 1505 : 2018 | Standard Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient Technique |
ASTM D 4976 : 2002 : EDT 1 | Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Molding and Extrusion Materials |
ASTM D 3636 : 2013 : REV A | Standard Practice for Sampling and Judging Quality of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials |
ASTM D 2633 : 2013 : REV A | Standard Test Methods for Thermoplastic Insulations and Jackets for Wire and Cable |
ASTM D 3350 : 2010 : REV A | Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials |
ASTM D 1505 : 1998 : EDT 1 | Standard Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient Technique |
ASTM D 2565 : 2016 | Standard Practice for Xenon-Arc Exposure of Plastics Intended for Outdoor Applications |
ASTM E 1131 : 1998 | Standard Test Method for Compositional Analysis by Thermogravimetry |
ASTM D 3182 : 1989 : R2001 | Standard Practice for Rubber—Materials, Equipment, and Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Preparing Standard Vulcanized Sheets |
ASTM D 3349 : 2006 | Standard Test Method for Absorption Coefficient of Ethylene Polymer Material Pigmented with Carbon Black |
ASTM D 3892 : 1993 : R2009 | Standard Practice for Packaging/Packing of Plastics |
ASTM D 4703 : 2000 | Standard Practice for Compression Molding Thermoplastic Materials into Test Specimens, Plaques, or Sheets |
ASTM D 1238 : 2001 : EDT 1 | Standard Test Method for Melt Flow Rates of Thermoplastics by Extrusion Plastometer |
ASTM D 3182 : 2021 | Standard Practice for Rubber—Materials, Equipment, and Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Preparing Standard Vulcanized Sheets |
ASTM D 1603 : 2014 | Standard Test Method for Carbon Black Content in Olefin Plastics |
ASTM D 1603 : 2012 | Standard Test Method for Carbon Black Content in Olefin Plastics |
ASTM D 3636 : 2011 | Standard Practice for Sampling and Judging Quality of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials |
ASTM D 4703 : 2010 : REV A | Standard Practice for Compression Molding Thermoplastic Materials into Test Specimens, Plaques, or Sheets |
ASTM D 746 : 2020 | Standard Test Method for Brittleness Temperature of Plastics and Elastomers by Impact |
ASTM D 4703 : 2016 | Standard Practice for Compression Molding Thermoplastic Materials into Test Specimens, Plaques, or Sheets |
ASTM D 3182 : 1989 : R1994 | Standard Practice for Rubber—Materials, Equipment, and Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Preparing Standard Vulcanized Sheets |
ASTM D 150 : 2018 | Standard Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulation |
ASTM D 1693 : 2015 : EDT 1 | Standard Test Method for Environmental Stress-Cracking of Ethylene Plastics |
ASTM D 1238 : 2020 | Standard Test Method for Melt Flow Rates of Thermoplastics by Extrusion Plastometer |
ASTM D 1238 : 2004 : REV A | Standard Test Method for Melt Flow Rates of Thermoplastics by Extrusion Plastometer |
ASTM D 1693 : 2001 | Standard Test Method for Environmental Stress-Cracking of Ethylene Plastics |
ASTM D 1693 : 2013 | Standard Test Method for Environmental Stress-Cracking of Ethylene Plastics |
ASTM D 3182 : 2016 | Standard Practice for Rubber—Materials, Equipment, and Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Preparing Standard Vulcanized Sheets |
ASTM D 2633 : 2013 | Standard Test Methods for Thermoplastic Insulations and Jackets for Wire and Cable |
ASTM D 3182 : 2021 : REV A | Standard Practice for Rubber—Materials, Equipment, and Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Preparing Standard Vulcanized Sheets |
ASTM D 3349 : 1986 | Standard Test Method for Absorption Coefficient of Carbon Black Pigmented Ethylene Plastic |
ASTM D 2839 : 2002 | Standard Practice for Use of a Melt Index Strand for Determining Density of Polyethylene |
ASTM D 3349 : 2017 | Standard Test Method for Absorption Coefficient of Ethylene Polymer Material Pigmented with Carbon Black |
ASTM D 257 : 2014 : R2021 : EDT 1 | Standard Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials |
ASTM D 2633 : 2021 | Standard Test Methods for Thermoplastic Insulations and Jackets for Wire and Cable |
ASTM D 1238 : 1985 | Standard Test Method for Flow Rates of Thermoplastics by Extrusion Plastometer |
ASTM D 618 : 2021 | Standard Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing |
ASTM D 3349 : 1999 | Standard Test Method for Absorption Coefficient of Ethylene Polymer Material Pigmented with Carbon Black |
ASTM D 3350 : 2005 | Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials |
ASTM D 746 : 2024 | Standard Test Method for Brittleness Temperature of Plastics and Elastomers by Impact |
ASTM D 4976 : 2012 : REV A | Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Molding and Extrusion Materials |
ASTM D 4703 : 2007 | Standard Practice for Compression Molding Thermoplastic Materials into Test Specimens, Plaques, or Sheets |
ASTM D 638 : 2022 | Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics |
ASTM D 3182 : 2015 : REV A | Standard Practice for Rubber—Materials, Equipment, and Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Preparing Standard Vulcanized Sheets |
ASTM D 1693 : 2007 | Standard Test Method for Environmental Stress-Cracking of Ethylene Plastics |
Access your standards online with a subscription
Features
-
Simple online access to standards, technical information and regulations.
-
Critical updates of standards and customisable alerts and notifications.
-
Multi-user online standards collection: secure, flexible and cost effective.