ASTM C 177 : 2019 : EDT 1
Current
The latest, up-to-date edition.
Standard Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measurements and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
Hardcopy , PDF
English
23-02-2023
Committee |
C 16
|
DocumentType |
Test Method
|
Pages |
23
|
ProductNote |
ε1 NOTE—Updated 2.3 editorially in February 2023.
|
PublisherName |
American Society for Testing and Materials
|
Status |
Current
|
Supersedes |
1.1This test method establishes the criteria for the laboratory measurement of the steady-state heat flux through flat, homogeneous specimen(s) when their surfaces are in contact with solid, parallel boundaries held at constant temperatures using the guarded-hot-plate apparatus.
1.2The test apparatus designed for this purpose is known as a guarded-hot-plate apparatus and is a primary (or absolute) method. This test method is comparable, but not identical, to ISO 8302.
1.3This test method sets forth the general design requirements necessary to construct and operate a satisfactory guarded-hot-plate apparatus. It covers a wide variety of apparatus constructions, test conditions, and operating conditions. Detailed designs conforming to this test method are not given but must be developed within the constraints of the general requirements. Examples of analysis tools, concepts and procedures used in the design, construction, calibration and operation of a guarded-hot-plate apparatus are given in Refs (1-41).2
1.4This test method encompasses both the single-sided and the double-sided modes of measurement. Both distributed and line source guarded heating plate designs are permitted. The user should consult the standard practices on the single-sided mode of operation, Practice C1044, and on the line source apparatus, Practice C1043, for further details on these heater designs.
1.5The guarded-hot-plate apparatus can be operated with either vertical or horizontal heat flow. The user is cautioned however, since the test results from the two orientations may be different if convective heat flow occurs within the specimens.
1.6Although no definitive upper limit can be given for the magnitude of specimen conductance that is measurable on a guarded-hot-plate, for practical reasons the specimen conductance should be less than 16 W/(m2K).
1.7This test method is applicable to the measurement of a wide variety of specimens, ranging from opaque solids to porous or transparent materials, and a wide range of environmental conditions including measurements conducted at extremes of temperature and with various gases and pressures.
1.8Inhomogeneities normal to the heat flux direction, such as layered structures, can be successfully evaluated using this test method. However, testing specimens with inhomogeneities in the heat flux direction, such as an insulation system with thermal bridges, can yield results that are location specific and shall not be attempted with this type of apparatus. See Test Method C1363 for guidance in testing these systems.
1.9Calculations of thermal transmission properties based upon measurements using this method shall be performed in conformance with Practice C1045.
1.10In order to ensure the level of precision and accuracy expected, persons applying this standard must possess a knowledge of the requirements of thermal measurements and testing practice and of the practical application of heat transfer theory relating to thermal insulation materials and systems. Detailed operating procedures, including design schematics and electrical drawings, should be available for each apparatus to ensure that tests are in accordance with this test method. In addition, automated data collecting and handling systems connected to the apparatus must be verified as to their accuracy. This can be done by calibration and inputting data sets, which have known results associated with them, into computer programs.
1.11It is not practical for a test method of this type to establish details of design and construction and the procedures to cover all contingencies that might offer difficulties to a person without technical knowledge concerning theory of heat flow, temperature measurements and general testing practices. The user may also find it necessary, when repairing or modifying the apparatus, to become a designer or builder, or both, on whom the demands for fundamental understanding and careful experimental technique are even greater. Standardization of this test method is not intended to restrict in any way the future development of new or improved apparatus or procedures.
1.12This test method does not specify all details necessary for the operation of the apparatus. Decisions on sampling, specimen selection, preconditioning, specimen mounting and positioning, the choice of test conditions, and the evaluation of test data shall follow applicable ASTM Test Methods, Guides, Practices or Product Specifications or governmental regulations. If no applicable standard exists, sound engineering judgment that reflects accepted heat transfer principles must be used and documented.
1.13This test method allows a wide range of apparatus design and design accuracy to be used in order to satisfy the requirements of specific measurement problems. Compliance with this test method requires a statement of the uncertainty of each reported variable in the report. A discussion of the significant error factors involved is included.
1.14Major sections within this test method are arranged as follows:
Section | Section |
Scope | 1 |
Referenced Documents | 2 |
Terminology | 3 |
Summary of Test Method | 4 |
Significance and Use | 5 |
Apparatus | 6 |
Specimen Preparation and Conditioning | 7 |
Procedure | 8 |
Calculation of Results | 9 |
Report | 10 |
Precision and Bias | 11 |
Keywords | 12 |
Figures | |
General Arrangement of the Mechanical Components of the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus | Fig. 1 |
Illustration of Heat Flow in the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus | Fig.2 |
Example Report Form | Fig. 3 |
Annexes | |
Importance of Thickness | A1.1 |
Measuring Thickness | A1.2 |
Limitations Due to Apparatus | A1.3 |
Limitations Due to Temperature | A1.4 |
Limitations Due to Specimen | A1.5 |
Random and Systematic Error Components | A1.6 |
Error Components for Variables | A1.7 |
Thermal Conductance or Thermal Resistance Error Analysis | A1.8 |
Thermal Conductivity or Thermal Resistivity Error Analysis | A1.9 |
Uncertainty Verification | A1.10 |
1.15The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.16This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Note 22.
1.17This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D 4612 : 2016 | Standard Test Method for Calculating Thermal Diffusivity of Rock and Soil |
ASTM C 800 : 2019 | Standard Specification for Fibrous Glass Blanket Insulation (Aircraft Type) |
ASTM C 1822 : 2021 | Standard Specification for Insulating Covers on Accessible Lavatory Piping |
ASTM C 1224 : 2022 | Standard Specification for Reflective Insulation for Building Applications |
ASTM E 2785 : 2014 : R2022 | Standard Test Method for Exposure of Firestop Materials to Severe Environmental Conditions |
ASTM C 1058/C1058M : 2010 : R2015 | Standard Practice for Selecting Temperatures for Evaluating and Reporting Thermal Properties of Thermal Insulation |
ASTM C 1373/C1373M : 2011 : R2017 | Standard Practice for Determination of Thermal Resistance of Attic Insulation Systems Under Simulated Winter Conditions |
ASTM C 335/C335M : 2017 | Standard Test Method for Steady-State Heat Transfer Properties of Pipe Insulation |
ASTM C 1045 : 2019 | Standard Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Properties Under Steady-State Conditions |
ASTM C 726 : 2017 | Standard Specification for Mineral Wool Roof Insulation Board |
ASTM C 687 : 2018 | Standard Practice for Determination of Thermal Resistance of Loose-Fill Building Insulation |
ASTM C 1594 : 2011 : R2017 | Standard Specification for Polyimide Rigid Cellular Thermal Insulation |
ASTM F 942 : 2018 | Standard Guide for Selection of Test Methods for Interlayer Materials for Aerospace Transparent Enclosures |
ASTM D 8157 : 2019 | Standard Guide for Qualification Testing of Coatings Used in Coating Service Level I in Nuclear Power Plants |
ASTM C 1676/C1676M : 2019 | Standard Specification for Microporous Thermal Insulation |
ASTM C 1199 : 2022 | Standard Test Method for Measuring the Steady-State Thermal Transmittance of Fenestration Systems Using Hot Box Methods |
ASTM C 680 : 2019 | Standard Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and the Surface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical, and Spherical Systems by Use of Computer Programs |
ASTM D 5456 : 2021 : EDT 1 | Standard Specification for Evaluation of Structural Composite Lumber Products |
ASTM C 1482 : 2017 | Standard Specification for Polyimide Flexible Cellular Thermal and Sound Absorbing Insulation |
ASTM C 1126 : 2019 | Standard Specification for Faced or Unfaced Rigid Cellular Phenolic Thermal Insulation |
ASTM D 4101 : 2017 : EDT 1 | Standard Classification System and Basis for Specification for Polypropylene Injection and Extrusion Materials |
ASTM C 610 : 2017 | Standard Specification for Molded Expanded Perlite Block and Pipe Thermal Insulation |
ASTM C 534/C534M : 2023 | Standard Specification for Preformed Flexible Elastomeric Cellular Thermal Insulation in Sheet and Tubular Form |
ASTM C 209 : 2020 | Standard Test Methods for Cellulosic Fiber Insulating Board |
ASTM C 1497 : 2016 | Standard Specification for Cellulosic Fiber Stabilized Thermal Insulation |
ASTM E 1591 : 2020 | Standard Guide for Obtaining Data for Fire Growth Models |
ASTM C 1728 : 2022 | Standard Specification for Flexible Aerogel Insulation |
ASTM D 5930 : 2017 | Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Plastics by Means of a Transient Line-Source Technique |
ASTM C 1114 : 2006 : R2019 | Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Thin-Heater Apparatus |
ASTM E 1091 : 2021 | Standard Specification for Nonmetallic Honeycomb Core for Use in Shelter Panels |
ASTM C 591 : 2022 | Standard Specification for Unfaced Preformed Rigid Cellular Polyisocyanurate Thermal Insulation |
ASTM F 1868 : 2017 | Standard Test Method for Thermal and Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Materials Using a Sweating Hot Plate |
ASTM D 5364 : 2014 : R2019 | Standard Guide for Design, Fabrication, and Erection of Fiberglass Reinforced (FRP) Plastic Chimney Liners with Coal-Fired Units |
ASTM C 728 : 2017 : REV A : R2022 | Standard Specification for Perlite Thermal Insulation Board |
ASTM D 7425/D7425M : 2013 : R2019 | Standard Specification for Spray Polyurethane Foam Used for Roofing Applications |
ASTM C 1685 : 2015 : R2021 | Standard Specification for Pneumatically Applied High-Temperature Fiber Thermal Insulation for Industrial Applications |
ASTM C 1014 : 2017 | Standard Specification for Spray-Applied Mineral Fiber Thermal and Sound Absorbing Insulation |
ASTM C 1470 : 2020 | Standard Guide for Testing the Thermal Properties of Advanced Ceramics |
ASTM C 1029 : 2020 | Standard Specification for Spray-Applied Rigid Cellular Polyurethane Thermal Insulation |
ASTM F 3340 : 2022 | Standard Test Method for Thermal Resistance of Camping Mattresses Using a Guarded Hot Plate Apparatus |
ASTM C 653 : 2017 | Standard Guide for Determination of the Thermal Resistance of Low-Density Blanket-Type Mineral Fiber Insulation |
ASTM C 1696 : 2020 | Standard Guide for Industrial Thermal Insulation Systems |
ASTM C 1902 : 2022 : REV A | Standard Specification for Cellular Glass Insulation Used in Building and Roof Applications |
ASTM C 1558 : 2019 | Standard Guide for Development of Standard Data Records for Computerization of Thermal Transmission Test Data for Thermal Insulation |
ASTM F 3319 : 2020 | Standard Specification for Selection and Application of Field-Installed Cryogenic Pipe and Equipment Insulation Systems on Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)-Fueled Ships |
ASTM C 1086 : 2020 | Standard Specification for Glass Fiber Mechanically Bonded Felt Thermal Insulation |
ASTM C 447 : 2015 : R2022 | Standard Practice for Estimating the Maximum Use Temperature of Thermal Insulations |
ASTM C 1363 : 2019 | Standard Test Method for Thermal Performance of Building Materials and Envelope Assemblies by Means of a Hot Box Apparatus |
ASTM C 195 : 2007 : R2019 | Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Thermal Insulating Cement |
ASTM C 196 : 2000 : R2019 | Standard Specification for Expanded or Exfoliated Vermiculite Thermal Insulating Cement |
ASTM C 332 : 2017 | Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Insulating Concrete |
ASTM C 1859 : 2021 | Standard Practice for Determination of Thermal Resistance of Pneumatically Installed Loose-Fill Building Insulation (Behind Netting) for Enclosed Applications of the Building Thermal Envelope |
ASTM D 3575 : 2020 | Standard Test Methods for Flexible Cellular Materials Made from Olefin Polymers |
ASTM C 892 : 2019 | Standard Specification for High-Temperature Fiber Blanket Thermal Insulation |
ASTM E 3057 : 2019 | Standard Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using Directional Flame Thermometers with Advanced Data Analysis Techniques |
ASTM D 3748 : 2014 : R2019 | Standard Practice for Evaluating High-Density Rigid Cellular Plastics |
ASTM C 612 : 2014(R2019) | Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Block and Board Thermal Insulation |
ASTM C 1146 : 2009 : R2018 | Standard Guide for Prefabricated Panel and H-bar Insulation Systems for Vessels, Ducts and Equipment Operating at Temperatures Above Ambient Air |
ASTM C 991 : 2016 | Standard Specification for Flexible Fibrous Glass Insulation for Metal Buildings |
ASTM C 1534 : 2022 | Standard Specification for Flexible Polymeric Foam Sheet Insulation Used as a Thermal and Sound Absorbing Liner for Duct Systems |
ASTM C 552 : 2022 | Standard Specification for Cellular Glass Thermal Insulation |
ASTM C 739 : 2021 : REV A | Standard Specification for Cellulosic Fiber Loose-Fill Thermal Insulation |
ASTM C 553 : 2013 : R2019 | Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Blanket Thermal Insulation for Commercial and Industrial Applications |
ASTM C 592 : 2022 : REV A | Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Blanket Insulation and Blanket-Type Pipe Insulation (Metal-Mesh Covered) (Industrial Type) |
ASTM E 1231 : 2019 | Standard Practice for Calculation of Hazard Potential Figures of Merit for Thermally Unstable Materials |
ASTM C 578 : 2022 | Standard Specification for Rigid, Cellular Polystyrene Thermal Insulation |
ASTM C 1289 : 2022 : REV A | Standard Specification for Faced Rigid Cellular Polyisocyanurate Thermal Insulation Board |
ASTM C 665 : 2017 | Standard Specification for Mineral-Fiber Blanket Thermal Insulation for Light Frame Construction and Manufactured Housing |
ASTM C 1393 : 2019 | Standard Specification for Perpendicularly Oriented Mineral Fiber Roll and Sheet Thermal Insulation for Pipes and Tanks |
ASTM F 2165 : 2019 | Standard Specification for Flexible Pre-Insulated Plastic Piping |
ASTM C 1149 : 2017 | Standard Specification for Self-Supported Spray Applied Cellulosic Thermal Insulation |
ASTM C 547 : 2022 : REV A | Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Pipe Insulation |
ASTM C 1410 : 2017 | Standard Specification for Cellular Melamine Thermal and Sound-Absorbing Insulation |
ASTM C 516 : 2019 | Standard Specification for Vermiculite Loose Fill Thermal Insulation |
ASTM C 1290 : 2016 : R2021 | Standard Specification for Flexible Fibrous Glass Blanket Insulation Used to Externally Insulate HVAC Ducts |
ASTM C 1303/C1303M : 2022 | Standard Test Method for Predicting Long-Term Thermal Resistance of Closed-Cell Foam Insulation |
ASTM D 5144 : 2008 : R2021 | Standard Guide for Use of Protective Coating Standards in Nuclear Power Plants |
ASTM C 1484 : 2010 : R2018 | Standard Specification for Vacuum Insulation Panels |
ASTM C 240 : 2021 | Standard Test Methods for Testing Cellular Glass Insulation Block |
ASTM C 764 : 2019 | Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Loose-Fill Thermal Insulation |
ASTM C 656 : 2017 | Standard Specification for Structural Insulating Board, Calcium Silicate |
ASTM C 449 : 2007 : R2019 | Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Hydraulic-Setting Thermal Insulating and Finishing Cement |
ASTM C 1043 : 2019 | Standard Practice for Guarded-Hot-Plate Design Using Circular Line-Heat Sources |
ASTM D 116 : 1986 : R2020 | Standard Test Methods for Vitrified Ceramic Materials for Electrical Applications |
ASTM C 1130 : 2021 | Standard Practice for Calibration of Thin Heat Flux Transducers |
ASTM C 518 : 2021 | Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus |
ASTM C 1071 : 2019 | Standard Specification for Fibrous Glass Duct Lining Insulation (Thermal and Sound Absorbing Material) |
ASTM C 549 : 2018 | Standard Specification for Perlite Loose Fill Insulation |
ASTM C 533 : 2017 | Standard Specification for Calcium Silicate Block and Pipe Thermal Insulation |
ASTM C 1774 : 2013 : R2019 | Standard Guide for Thermal Performance Testing of Cryogenic Insulation Systems |
ASTM E 861 : 2013 : R2021 | Standard Practice for Evaluating Thermal Insulation Materials for Use in Solar Collectors |
ASTM C 1427 : 2021 | Standard Specification for Extruded Preformed Flexible Cellular Polyolefin Thermal Insulation in Sheet and Tubular Form |
ASTM C 1044 : 2016 : R2020 | Standard Practice for Using a Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus or Thin-Heater Apparatus in the Single-Sided Mode |
ASTM F 2178/F2178M : 2022 | Standard Specification for Arc Rated Eye or Face Protective Products |
ASTM D 1039 : 2016 : R2022 | Standard Test Methods for Glass-Bonded Mica Used as Electrical Insulation |
ASTM C 1043 : 2024 | Standard Practice for Guarded-Hot-Plate Design Using Circular Line-Heat Sources |
ASTM C 168 : 2024 | Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation |
ASTM E 691 : 2023 | Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method |
ASTM C 687 : 2024 | Standard Practice for Determination of Thermal Resistance of Loose-Fill Building Insulation |
ASTM E 691 : 2022 | Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method |
ASTM C 1044 : 2024 | Standard Practice for Using a Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus or Thin-Heater Apparatus in the Single-Sided Mode |
ASTM C 168 : 2022 | Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation |
ASTM C 1363 : 2024 | Standard Test Method for Thermal Performance of Building Materials and Envelope Assemblies by Means of a Hot Box Apparatus |
Access your standards online with a subscription
Features
-
Simple online access to standards, technical information and regulations.
-
Critical updates of standards and customisable alerts and notifications.
-
Multi-user online standards collection: secure, flexible and cost effective.