NEN EN 12681 : 2003

Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 General
   4.1 Protection against ionizing radiations
   4.2 General requirements
   4.3 Agreements
   4.4 Personnel qualification
5 Examination arrangements
   5.1 General
   5.2 Single wall radiography of plane areas
   5.3 Single wall radiography of curved areas
   5.4 Double wall radiography of plane and curved
       areas
   5.5 Choice of examination arrangements for
       complex geometries
   5.6 Acceptable examination area dimensions
   5.7 Explanation of symbols used in the figures
6 Choice of radiation source
7 Specific film system classes
8 Techniques for increasing the covered thickness
   range
   8.1 General
   8.2 Multiple film technique
   8.3 Contrast decreasing by higher radiation energy
   8.4 Beam hardening
   8.5 Thickness equalization
9 Radiographs
   9.1 Identification of radiograph, examined area,
       film position plan
   9.2 Marking of the test areas
   9.3 Overlap of films
10 Verification of image quality
11 Radiograph density requirements
12 Influence of crystalline structure
Annex A (informative) Possible discontinuities in
        castings - Reference radiographs and designation
Bibliography

Describes specific procedures for industrial X-radiation and gamma radiography for discontinuity detection purposes, using film techniques. These procedures are applicable to casting process, especially for steel, cast iron, magnesium, zinc, copper, nickel, aluminium, titanium and any alloys of them.