BS EN 14778:2011

Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols and abbreviations
5 Principle
6 Establishing a sampling scheme (sampling plan)
7 Visual inspection
8 Number of increments
9 Calculation of the size of increment
10 Combined sample - Calculation of the
   volume of the combined sample
11 Sampling equipment
12 Sampling in practice
13 Sample generation
14 Performance characteristics
15 Handling and storage of samples
16 Sampling certificates
Annex A (informative) - Model Sampling Plan and
        Sampling Certificate
Annex B (informative) - Sampling from large stockpiles
Annex C (informative) - Bulk densities of biofuels
Annex D (informative) - Empirical values for
        P[L], V[I] and V[PT]
Annex E (informative) - Guidelines for the number
        of increments to be taken
Annex F (informative) - Quality parameters for various
        solid biofuels in BioNorm projects and
        large shipments of wood pellets
Bibliography

Explains methods for preparing sampling plans and certificates and taking samples of solid biofuels, for example, from the place where the raw materials grow, from production plant, from deliveries e.g. lorry loads, or from stock.

This European Standard describes methods for preparing sampling plans and certificates and taking samples of solid biofuels, for example, from the place where the raw materials grow, from production plant, from deliveries e.g. lorry loads, or from stock. It includes both manual and mechanical methods, and is applicable to solid biofuels that are either:

• fine (particle size up to about 10 mm) and regularly-shaped particulate materials that can be sampled using a scoop or pipe, for example: sawdust, olive stones and wood pellets;

• coarse or irregularly-shaped particulate materials, particle sizes up to about 200 mm that can be sampled using a fork or shovel, for example: wood chips and nut shells, forest residue chips, and straw;

• baled materials for example: baled straw or grass;

• large pieces (particles sizes above 200 mm) which are either picked manually or automatically;

• vegetable waste, fibrous waste from virgin pulp production and from production of paper from pulp that has been dewatered;

• round wood.

It may be possible to use this standard on other solid biofuels. The methods described in this European Standard may be used, for example, when the samples are to be tested for moisture content, ash content, calorific value, bulk density, durability, particle size distribution, ash melting behaviour and chemical composition. The methods are not intended for obtaining the very large samples required for the testing of bridging properties.