AS 3700-1998

1 - AS 3700-1998 MASONRY STRUCTURES
4 - PREFACE
5 - CONTENTS
9 - SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
9 - 1.1 SCOPE AND APPLICATION
9 - 1.1.1 Scope
9 - 1.1.2 Application
9 - 1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
11 - 1.3 USE OF ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS OR METHODS
11 - 1.3.1 General
11 - 1.3.2 Existing structures
11 - 1.4 INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED ON DOCUMENTS
11 - 1.4.1 General
12 - 1.4.2 Provision for demolition
12 - 1.5 DEFINITIONS
12 - 1.5.1 Administrative definitions
12 - 1.5.2 Technical definitions
16 - 1.6 NOTATION
24 - SECTION 2 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR DESIGN
24 - 2.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
24 - 2.2 AIM
24 - 2.3 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
24 - 2.3.1 Durability
24 - 2.3.2 Fire resistance
24 - 2.3.3 Serviceability
24 - 2.3.4 Strength
24 - 2.3.5 Stability
24 - 2.3.6 Other requirements
24 - 2.4 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
24 - 2.4.1 Design for durability
24 - 2.4.2 Design for fire resistance
24 - 2.4.3 Design for serviceability
24 - 2.4.4 Design for strength
25 - 2.4.5 Design for stability
25 - 2.4.6 Design for other requirements
25 - 2.5 SERVICEABILITY, STRENGTH AND STABILITY
25 - 2.5.1 General
25 - 2.5.2 Design for serviceability
25 - 2.5.3 Design for strength
26 - 2.5.4 Design for stability
26 - 2.6 LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS
26 - 2.6.1 Loads, and other forces and actions
26 - 2.6.2 Design load combinations
26 - 2.6.3 Design loads for lateral supporting members
26 - 2.6.4 Design loads for connections to lateral supports
27 - 2.7 OTHER DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
27 - 2.7.1 General
27 - 2.7.2 Design for water penetration
27 - 2.7.3 Design for accidental damage
27 - 2.7.4 Masonry under construction
27 - 2.8 THERMAL INSULATION
27 - 2.9 SOUND INSULATION
28 - SECTION 3 DESIGN PROPERTIES
28 - 3.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
28 - 3.2 MASONRY UNITS
28 - 3.3 MASONRY
28 - 3.3.1 General
28 - 3.3.2 Compressive strength
29 - 3.3.3 Flexural tensile strength
29 - 3.3.4 Shear strength
30 - 3.3.5 Shear factor
30 - 3.3.6 Elastic properties of masonry
30 - 3.4 TIES AND ACCESSORIES
31 - 3.5 GROUT
32 - 3.6 REINFORCEMENT
32 - 3.6.1 Strength
32 - 3.6.2 Modulus of elasticity
32 - 3.6.3 Stress-strain curves
32 - 3.7 TENDONS
32 - 3.7.1 Strength
32 - 3.7.2 Modulus of elasticity
32 - 3.7.3 Stress-strain curves
32 - 3.7.4 Other properties
34 - SECTION 4 GENERAL DESIGN ASPECTS
34 - 4.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
34 - 4.2 MEMBERS OF MIXED CONSTRUCTION
34 - 4.3 CHASES, HOLES AND RECESSES
34 - 4.4 CAPACITY REDUCTION FACTORS
34 - 4.5 CROSS-SECTION PROPERTIES
34 - 4.5.1 Bedded thickness
35 - 4.5.2 Effective width of compression faces and flanges
35 - 4.5.3 Structural end of a masonry member
35 - 4.5.4 Bedded area
35 - 4.5.5 Combined cross-sectional area
35 - 4.5.6 Design cross-sectional area
36 - 4.5.7 Grout area
36 - 4.5.8 Section modulus and second moment of area
36 - 4.5.9 Chases, holes and recesses
36 - 4.6 DESIGN FOR ROBUSTNESS
36 - 4.6.1 General
36 - 4.6.2 Maximum slenderness of masonry members
37 - 4.7 PREVENTION OF MOISTURE PENETRATION
37 - 4.7.1 Cavities
37 - 4.7.2 Weep holes
37 - 4.7.3 Damp-proof courses and flashings
37 - 4.7.4 Single leaf and solid walls
39 - 4.8 CONTROL JOINTS
39 - 4.8.1 General
39 - 4.8.2 Detailing
39 - 4.9 MORTAR JOINTS
39 - 4.9.1 Thickness
39 - 4.9.2 Finishing
39 - 4.10 WALL TIES
40 - 4.11 BONDING, TYING AND SUPPORTING
40 - 4.11.1 General
40 - 4.11.2 Bonding with masonry header units
40 - 4.11.3 Tying with connectors
41 - 4.11.4 Fixing to supporting structures
41 - 4.12 ARCHES AND LINTELS
41 - 4.13 INTERACTION BETWEEN MASONRY MEMBERS AND SLABS, BEAMS OR COLUMNS
41 - 4.14 CORBELLING
41 - 4.14.1 Corbels normal to the plane of the wall
41 - 4.14.2 Corbels in the plane of the wall
41 - 4.15 ATTACHMENT TO FACE OF WALLS
42 - SECTION 5 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY
42 - 5.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
42 - 5.2 EXPOSURE ENVIRONMENTS
42 - 5.2.1 Mild environment
42 - 5.2.2 Exterior environment
42 - 5.2.3 Interior environment
42 - 5.2.4 Marine environment
42 - 5.2.5 Severe marine environment
42 - 5.3 MASONRY UNITS
42 - 5.4 MORTAR
42 - 5.5 BUILT-IN COMPONENTS
43 - 5.6 GROUT
43 - 5.7 REINFORCEMENT AND TENDONS
43 - 5.7.1 General
43 - 5.7.2 Reinforcement and tendons in grouted cavities and cores
43 - 5.7.3 Reinforcement and tendons embedded in mortar joints
43 - 5.7.4 Unbonded tendons in cavities and cores
45 - SECTION 6 DESIGN FOR FIRE RESISTANCE
45 - 6.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
45 - 6.2 FIRE-RESISTANCE LEVELS
45 - 6.3 STRUCTURAL ADEQUACY
45 - 6.3.1 General
45 - 6.3.2 Design of walls using tabulated values
47 - 6.3.3 Design of walls based on test results
48 - 6.3.4 Isolated piers
48 - 6.3.5 Minimum reinforcement
48 - 6.3.6 Protection to reinforcement
49 - 6.4 INTEGRITY
49 - 6.4.1 General
49 - 6.4.2 Design from tabulated values
49 - 6.4.3 Design based on test results
49 - 6.5 INSULATION
49 - 6.5.1 General
50 - 6.5.2 Material thickness of member
50 - 6.5.3 Design of walls using tabulated values
50 - 6.5.4 Design based on test results
51 - 6.6 RECESSES FOR SERVICES
51 - 6.7 CHASES
51 - 6.7.1 General
51 - 6.7.2 The effect of chases on structural adequacy
52 - 6.7.3 The effect of chases on integrity and insulation
52 - 6.8 PROTECTION OF STRUCTURAL STEELWORK
53 - SECTION 7 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF UNREINFORCED MASONRY
53 - 7.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
53 - 7.2 GENERAL BASIS OF DESIGN
53 - 7.3 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN COMPRESSION
53 - 7.3.1 General
54 - 7.3.2 Basic compressive capacity
54 - 7.3.3 Design by simple rules
56 - 7.3.4 Design by refined calculation
63 - 7.3.5 Concentrated loads
66 - 7.4 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN BENDING
66 - 7.4.1 General
66 - 7.4.2 Design for vertical bending
67 - 7.4.3 Design for horizontal bending
69 - 7.4.4 Design for two-way bending
72 - 7.5 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN SHEAR
72 - 7.5.1 Shear capacity
73 - 7.5.2 Shear strength on a vertical plane
73 - 7.5.3 Shear connectors
74 - 7.6 DESIGN OF SHEAR WALLS
74 - 7.6.1 General
74 - 7.6.2 Two or more shear walls acting together
74 - 7.6.3 Design for compression and in-plane lateral forces
74 - 7.7 DESIGN OF MASONRY VENEER WALLS
74 - 7.7.1 General
76 - 7.7.2 Wall ties with flexible structural backing
76 - 7.7.3 Wall ties with stiff structural backing
76 - 7.8 DESIGN OF CAVITY WALLS
76 - 7.8.1 General
76 - 7.8.2 Compressive load capacity with both leaves loaded
77 - 7.8.3 Lateral bending capacity
77 - 7.8.4 Wall ties
77 - 7.9 DESIGN OF DIAPHRAGM WALLS
77 - 7.9.1 General
77 - 7.9.2 Design for lateral loads
77 - 7.9.3 Diaphragms
78 - SECTION 8 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF REINFORCED MASONRY
78 - 8.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
78 - 8.2 GENERAL BASIS OF DESIGN
78 - 8.3 GENERAL REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENT
78 - 8.3.1 General
79 - 8.3.2 Main reinforcement
79 - 8.3.3 Secondary reinforcement
79 - 8.3.4 Reinforcement detailing, cover and protection
79 - 8.3.5 Close-spaced reinforcement for increased ductility in earthquakes
79 - 8.3.6 Wide-spaced reinforcement
79 - 8.4 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN COMPRESSION
80 - 8.5 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN BENDING
81 - 8.6 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN SHEAR
81 - 8.6.1 General
81 - 8.6.2 In-plane shear in walls
82 - 8.6.3 Out-of-plane shear in walls
83 - 8.6.4 Shear in beams
83 - 8.7 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN TENSION
83 - 8.8 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN COMBINED BENDING AND COMPRESSION
83 - 8.9 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN COMBINED BENDING AND TENSION
84 - SECTION 9 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED MASONRY
84 - 9.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
84 - 9.2 GENERAL BASIS OF DESIGN
84 - 9.2.1 General
84 - 9.2.2 Additional requirements for strength
85 - 9.2.3 Additional requirements for serviceability limit state
85 - 9.3 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR PRESTRESSING TENDONS
85 - 9.3.1 General
85 - 9.3.2 Immediate loss of prestress
85 - 9.3.3 Time-dependent losses of prestress
86 - 9.3.4 Close-spaced reinforcement for increased ductility in earthquakes
86 - 9.4 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN COMPRESSION
86 - 9.5 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN BENDING
86 - 9.5.1 General
87 - 9.5.2 Ultimate tensile stress in tendon
88 - 9.5.3 Upper limit on tendon area
88 - 9.5.4 Minimum bending strength
88 - 9.6 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN SHEAR
88 - 9.7 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN TENSION
89 - 9.8 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN COMBINED BENDING AND COMPRESSION
89 - 9.9 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN COMBINED BENDING AND TENSION
89 - 9.10 DESIGN OF ANCHORAGE ZONES
90 - SECTION 10 MATERIALS
90 - 10.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
90 - 10.2 MASONRY
90 - 10.3 MASONRY UNITS
90 - 10.4 MORTAR
90 - 10.4.1 General
90 - 10.4.2 Materials
91 - 10.4.3 Mortar durability
91 - 10.4.4 Structural properties of mortar
91 - 10.4.5 Mortar for reinforced or prestressed masonry
91 - 10.5 WALL TIES, CONNECTORS, ACCESSORIES AND LINTELS
91 - 10.5.1 Wall ties
91 - 10.5.2 Connectors and accessories
91 - 10.5.3 Lintels
91 - 10.6 DAMP-PROOF COURSES, FLASHINGS AND WEATHERINGS
91 - 10.6.1 Membrane damp- proof courses and flashings
91 - 10.6.2 Mortar weatherings
92 - 10.7 GROUT
92 - 10.7.1 General
92 - 10.7.2 Materials
92 - 10.7.3 Strength
92 - 10.8 REINFORCEMENT AND TENDONS
92 - 10.8.1 Reinforcement
92 - 10.8.2 Tendons
92 - 10.8.3 Reinforcement embedded in mortar joints
94 - SECTION 11 CONSTRUCTION
94 - 11.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
94 - 11.2 GENERAL
94 - 11.3 MATERIALS
94 - 11.3.1 General
94 - 11.3.2 Masonry units
94 - 11.3.3 Mortar
94 - 11.4 WORKMANSHIP
94 - 11.4.1 Base course
94 - 11.4.2 Mortar joints
95 - 11.4.3 Movement control joints
95 - 11.4.4 Bonding
95 - 11.4.5 Cutting of units
95 - 11.4.6 Holes and chases
95 - 11.4.7 Building in
95 - 11.4.8 Bolts and anchors
95 - 11.4.9 Rate of construction
96 - 11.4.10 Sections of masonry constructed at different rates or times
96 - 11.4.11 Construction during adverse weather conditions
96 - 11.4.12 Disturbance of new masonry
96 - 11.4.13 Cavities in walls
96 - 11.4.14 Weep holes
96 - 11.4.15 Joint finishing
96 - 11.4.16 Damp-proof courses and flashing
96 - 11.5 TOLERANCES IN MASONRY
96 - 11.5.1 General
97 - 11.5.2 Measurement of bow
97 - 11.5.3 Reinforcement and tendons
98 - 11.6 SITE CONTROL
98 - 11.7 ADDITIONAL SITE CONTROL OF SPECIAL MASONRY
98 - 11.7.1 General
98 - 11.7.2 Rate of sampling
98 - 11.7.3 Target strength
98 - 11.7.4 Assessment for compliance with strength requirements
98 - 11.8 GROUTED MASONRY
98 - 11.8.1 Cleaning out
98 - 11.8.2 Grouting
99 - 11.8.3 Sampling and testing of grout
99 - 11.9 MASONRY UNDER CONSTRUCTION
99 - 11.9.1 Temporary bracing
99 - 11.9.2 Premature loading
99 - 11.9.3 Physical damage
99 - 11.9.4 Weather conditions
99 - 11.10 CLEANING
99 - 11.11 TESTING OF IN-SITU MASONRY
100 - APPENDIX A - ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURES SUBJECT TO EARTHQUAKE ACTIONS
100 - A1 SCOPE
100 - A2 DEFINITIONS
100 - A2.1 *Bearing wall system
100 - A2.2 *Building frame system
100 - A2.3 Deflection amplification factor
100 - A2.4 *Diaphragm
100 - A2.5 *Dual system
100 - A2.6 *Ductility
100 - A2.7 *Earthquake design category
100 - A2.8 Earthquake coefficient
100 - A2.9 Inter- storey drift
100 - A2.10 Irregular structure
100 - A2.11 Regular structure
100 - A2.12 Structural response factor
101 - A3 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
101 - A3.1 General
101 - A3.2 Structure configuration
101 - A3.3 Structural elements
101 - A3.4 Non-structural components
101 - A3.5 Connections and wall anchorage
101 - A4 DOMESTIC STRUCTURES
101 - A4.1 Design categories H1 and H2
101 - A4.2 Earthquake design category H3
101 - A5 GENERAL STRUCTURES IN DESIGN CATEGORY A
101 - A5.1 Ductile structures
102 - A5.2 Non-ductile structures
102 - A6 GENERAL STRUCTURES IN DESIGN CATEGORY B
102 - A6.1 Ductile structures
102 - A6.2 Non-ductile structures
102 - A7 GENERAL STRUCTURES IN DESIGN CATEGORIES C, D AND E
102 - A7.1 Ductile structures
102 - A7.2 Non-ductile structures
102 - A8 DESIGN OF MASONRY STRUCTURES FOR EARTHQUAKE LOADING
102 - A8.1 General
102 - A8.2 Structural response factor (Rf) and deflection amplification factor (Kd)
103 - A8.3 Shear capacity of unreinforced masonry
104 - A9 DESIGN OF NON-STRUCTURAL MASONRY COMPONENTS
104 - A9.1 General
104 - A9.2 Earthquake coefficient (Cc1)
105 - APPENDIX B - DETERMINATION OF CHARACTERISTIC VALUE
105 - B1 SCOPE
105 - B2 EVALUATION OF CHARACTERISTIC VALUE
105 - B3 COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION
107 - APPENDIX C - METHOD OF TEST FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
107 - C1 SCOPE
107 - C2 NUMBER OF SPECIMENS PER SAMPLE
107 - C3 PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS
107 - C3.1 General
107 - C3.2 Number of courses in specimens
107 - C3.3 Stack-bonded piers
108 - C3.4 Additional requirements for grouted masonry specimens
108 - C3.5 Curing
108 - C4 AGE AT TEST
108 - C5 TRANSPORTATION
108 - C6 TEST APPARATUS
108 - C7 TEST PROCEDURE
108 - C7.1 General
108 - C7.2 Calculation of compressive strength of specimen
109 - C8 CALCULATION OF TEST STRENGTH OF THE SAMPLE
109 - C9 REPORTING OF RESULTS
110 - APPENDIX D - METHOD OF TEST FOR FLEXURAL STRENGTH
110 - D1 SCOPE
110 - D2 NUMBER OF SPECIMENS PER SAMPLE
110 - D3 PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS
110 - D3.1 General
110 - D3.2 Number of courses in a specimen
110 - D3.3 Stack-bonded piers
111 - D3.4 Additional requirements for grouted masonry specimens
111 - D3.5 Curing
111 - D4 AGE AT TEST
111 - D5 TRANSPORTATION
111 - D6 FLEXURAL STRENGTH BY BOND WRENCH TEST METHOD
111 - D6.1 General
111 - D6.2 Apparatus
112 - D6.3 Apparatus calibration
113 - D6.4 Test procedure
113 - D6.5 Calculation of flexural strength of specimen
114 - D7 FLEXURAL STRENGTH BY BEAM TEST
114 - D7.1 Test procedure
114 - D7.2 Calculation of flexural strength of specimen
115 - D8 CALCULATION OF TEST STRENGTH OF THE SAMPLE
115 - D9 REPORTING OF RESULTS
116 - APPENDIX E - ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENTS
116 - E1 SCOPE
117 - E2 ATMOSPHERIC CLASSIFICATIONS (APPLICABLE TO STEEL)
119 - APPENDIX F - Not applicable
120 - APPENDIX G - GUIDANCE IN THE USE OF MASONRY IN RESTORATION WORK AND MASONRY CONSTRUCTED USING SQUARE-DRESSED NATURAL STONE
120 - G1 SCOPE
120 - G2 GENERAL
120 - G3 RESTRICTION ON THE USE OF TYPE M1 MORTARS
120 - G4 MASONRY CONSTRUCTED OF SQUARE-DRESSED NATURAL STONE UNITS
120 - G5 DESIGN PROPERTIES
120 - G6 CONSTRUCTION
121 - APPENDIX H - METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF BOW
121 - H1 SCOPE
121 - H2 PROCEDURE
122 - APPENDIX I - ASSESSMENT OF STRENGTH VALUES FROM TEST RESULTS
122 - I1 SCOPE
122 - I2 GENERAL
122 - I3 ABNORMAL TEST RESULTS
122 - I3.1 General
122 - I3.2 Rejection limits
122 - I3.3 Rejection
123 - I4 MEAN
123 - I5 STANDARD DEVIATION
124 - APPENDIX J - TESTING OF IN- SITU MASONRY
124 - J1.1 General
124 - J1.2 Preparation for testing
124 - J1.3 Testing

Specifies the minimum requirements for the design and construction of unreinforced, reinforced and prestressed masonry, and the design of wall ties. It includes an increased use of performance-type specification of requirements and the virtual work method for the design of un reinforced masonry subject to wind or earthquake loads. It also includes the design and construction of AAC, and provides additional requirements for the design of structures subject to earthquake actions.

This Standard sets out minimum requirements for the design and construction of masonry, including unreinforced, reinforced and prestressed, using manufactured units of clay, calcium silicate and concrete laid in mortar, autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) laid in thin-bed mortar, and square-dressed natural stone laid in mortar.The Standard does not give values or material properties for the design and construction of square-dressed natural stone.NOTES:1 This Standard assumes that the structural design of masonry is entrusted to experienced structural engineers or similar appropriately qualified persons, and that the execution of such work is carried out under the direction of appropriately qualified persons who are experienced in masonry construction and who understand the structural requirements.2 The Standard does not give specific requirements for prefabricated masonry panels or masonry in composite action with steel or concrete structural members. The principles of this Standard should be followed, as far as they are applicable, for such types of construction.3 The provisions of this Standard do not include specification for design and construction of AAC laid in other than thin-bed mortar. However, for masonry so constructed the general principles of this Standard may be used.Application This Standard will be referenced in the Building Code of Australia by way of BCA Amendment 3 to be published by 1 July 1998, thereby superseding the previous edition, AS 3700 -1988, which will be withdrawn 12 months from the date of the publication of this edition.

First published in part as AS CA32-1963.
Second edition 1967.
AS CA47 first published 1969.
Revised and redesignated AS 1640-1974.
AS CA32-1967 revised and redesignated AS 1475.1-1977.
AS 1475.2 first published 1983.
AS 1640-1974, AS 1475.1-1977 and AS 1475.2-1983 revised, amalgamated and redesignated AS 3700-1988.
Second edition 1998.