ACI PRC-228.4:2023

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE, p. 2
1.1—Introduction, p. 2
1.2—Objective and scope, p. 2
CHAPTER 2—DEFINITIONS, p. 2
2.1—Definitions, p. 2
CHAPTER 3—VISUAL CONDITION SURVEY PROCESS, p. 2
3.1—Planning and preparation, p. 3
3.2—Conducting the visual condition survey, p. 3
3.3—Supplemental tools, p. 4
3.4—Documenting and reporting, p. 4
3.5—Limitations to visual surveys, p. 5 CHAPTER 4—DESCRIPTION AND VISUAL LIBRARY OF FEATURES, p. 5
4.1—Crack, p. 5
4.2—Geometric features, p. 7
4.3—Loss of material, p. 7
4.4—Accretion, p. 9
4.5—Staining, p. 9
4.6—Placement features, p. 10
CHAPTER 5—CONSTRUCTION-RELATED DEFECTS, p. 11
5.1—Defects due to improper mixture proportioning and mixing, p. 12
5.2—Defects due to improper placement and consolidation, p. 12
5.3—Defects due to improper finishing, p. 14
5.4—Defects due to delayed or insufficient curing, p. 15
CHAPTER 6—DESIGN AND SERVICE-RELATED DISTRESS CONDITIONS, p. 16
6.1—Distress conditions due to external loading, p. 16
6.2—Distress conditions due to internal moisture, p. 17
6.3—Distress due to temperature gradients, p. 18
CHAPTER 7—DURABILITY-RELATED DISTRESSES, p. 18
7.1—Aggregate reactions, p. 18
7.2—Chemical attack, p. 20
7.3—Corrosion of reinforcing steel, p. 21
7.4—Erosion, p. 22
7.5—Freezing-and-thawing damage, p. 22
7.6—Physical salt attack, p. 23
7.7—Chemical sulfate attack, p. 23
CHAPTER 8—REFERENCES, p. 24
Authored documents, p. 25

This guide provides guidance on planning, performing, and documenting visual condition surveys of concrete structures.