ASTM F 1166 : 1995 : REV A : R2000

1.1 This practice establishes general human engineering design criteria for marine vessels, and systems, subsystems, and equipment contained therein. It provides a useful tool for the designer to incorporate human capabilities into a design.

1.2 The purpose of this practice is to present human engineering design criteria, principles, and practices to achieve mission success through integration of the human into the vessel system, subsystem, and equipment with the goals of effectiveness, simplicity, efficiency, reliability, and safety for operation, training, and maintenance.

1.3 This practice applies to the design of vessels, systems, subsystems, and equipment. Nothing in this practice shall be construed as limiting the selection of hardware, materials, or processes to the specific items described herein. Unless otherwise stated in specific provisions, this practice is applicable to design of vessel systems, subsystems, and equipment for use by both men and women.

1.4 Copies of specifications, standards, drawings, and publications required by contractors in connection with specific procurement functions should be obtained from the procuring activity or as directed by the contracting officer.

1.5 This practice is not intended to be a criterion for limiting use of material already in the field in areas such as lift repetition or temperature exposure time.

1.6 Force Limits--If it is known that an item is to be used by an already established occupational specialty, for which physical qualification requirements for entry into that specialty are also established, any discrepancy between the force criteria of this practice and the physical qualification requirements shall be resolved in favor of the latter. In this event, the least stringent physical qualification requirement of all specialties which may operate, maintain, transport, supply, move, lift, or otherwise manipulate the item, in the manner being considered, is selected as a maximum design force limit.

1.7 Manufacturing Tolerances--When manufacturing tolerances are not perceptible to the user, this practice shall not be construed as preventing the use of components whose dimensions are within a normal manufacturing upper or lower limit tolerance of the dimensions specified herein.

1.8 This practice is divided into the following sections:

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section	Title
1	Scope
2	Referenced Documents
3	Terminology
4	Significance and Use
5	Control/Display Integration
6	Visual Displays, General Information
7	Location and Arrangement of Visual Displays
8	Coding of Visual Displays
9	Transilluminated Displays
10	Scale Indicators
11	Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Displays
12	Large-Screen Displays
13	Other Displays
14	Audio Displays, General Information
15	Audio Warnings
16	Characteristics of Audible Alarms
17	Signal Characteristics in Relation to Operational Conditions and Objectives
18	Verbal Warning Signals
19	Controls for Audio Warning and Caution Devices
20	Speech Transmission Equipment
21	Controls, General Information
22	Arrangement and Grouping of Controls
23	Coding of Controls
24	Rotary Controls
25	Discrete Linear Controls
26	Continuous Adjustment Linear Controls
27	General Requirements for Labeling
28	Label Content
29	Specific Requirements by Label Type
30	Anthropometry
31	Workspace Design Requirements
32	Environment
33	Maintainability
34	Accessibility
35	Cases
36	Lubrication
37	Fasteners
38	Unit Design for Efficient Manual Handling
39	Handwheel Torque
40	Equipment Mounting
41	Conductors
42	Connectors
43	Electrical Wires and Cables
44	Test Points
45	Test Equipment
46	Failure Indications and Fuse Requirements
47	Hydraulic Systems
48	Design of Equipment For Remote Handling
49	Small Systems and Equipment
50	Operational and Maintenance Vehicles
51	Hazards and Safety
52	User-Computer Interface
53	Data Display
54	Text/Program Editing
55	Audio Displays, Interface
56	Interactive Control

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure	Title
1	Angle of Incidence
2	Example of Display/Equipment Relationship in Main Propulsion Engine Room with Two Medium Speed Diesel Engines
3	Example of Control/Display/Equipment Relationship in Auxiliary Machinery Space with Two Ship Service Generators
4	Example of Control/Display/Equipment Relationship in Machinery Space with Pump, Motor Controller, and Gage Board Located at Vertical Beam
5	CHT Pump Room with Various Options for Locating the Two Motor Controllers and Their Corresponding Gage Boards Given the Location of the Two Pumps
6	Preferred and Acceptable Alternatives for Multiple Row/Column Display and Control Arrangement
7	Vertical and Horizontal Visual Field
8	Lines of Sight
9	Scale of Markings
10	Scale Graduation, Pointer Position, and Scale Numbering Alternatives
11	Fixed-Scale Azimuth Dials
12	Shape and Color Coding Operating Ranges
13	Zero Position and Pointer Movement for Circular Dial Displays
14	Aligned Pointers for Rapid Check Readings
15	Relative Position of Scale Marks, Numerals, and Pointers on Circular Dials
16	Relative Position of Scale Marks, Numerals, and Pointers on Arcs and Circular Dials
17	Drum-Type Counter Design
18	Acceptable Alarm Types for Emergency and Primary Alarms
19	Control Motion Expectancy
20	Foot-Operated Switches
21	Pedals
22	Foot-Operated Controls
23	Leg Strength at Various Knee and Thigh Angles
24	Rotary Selector Controls
25	Rotating Knob Separation
26	Keylock Criteria
27	Keylock Switch Criteria
28	Thumbwheel Orientation and Movement
29	Discrete Thumbwheel Control
30	Knobs
31	Recommended Knob Shapes
32	Easily Recognizable Knob Shapes
33	Ganged Knobs
34	Thumbwheel Adjustment Controls
35	Cranks
36	Proper Mounting of Rapidly Operated Cranks
37	Handwheels
38	Recommended Mounting Heights for Valve Handwheels
39	Reaching Limits for Bending, Squatting, or Standing on Ladders
40	Pushbutton Switches
41	Toggle Switches
42	Toggle Switch Orientation for "ON"
43	Legend Switch
44	Rocker Switches
45	Slide Switches
46	Push-Pull Controls
47	Lever
48	Slide Levers
49	Isotonic Joysticks
50	Ball Controls
51	Independent Symbols
52	Label Specifications
53	Standing Body Dimensions
54	Seated Body Dimensions
55	Depth and Breadth Dimensions
56	Circumferences and Surface Dimensions
57	Hand and Foot Dimensions
58	Head and Face Dimensions
59	Anthropometric Data for Body Positions Involved in Work Activities
60	95th Percentile Gloved-Hand Dimensions (Male)
61	Helmet Dimensions
62	Aircrewman's Helmet (Size Extra Large)
63	Range of Human Motion
64	Mobile Workspace Dimensions
65	Standing Workspace Dimensions-Cabinets and Electrical Equipment Racks
66	Standing Workspace Dimension-CRTs and Table
67	Standing Workspace Dimensions-Consoles and Work Benches
68	Standing Workspace for Typical Work Positions
69	Display (Top) and Control (Bottom) Locations for Standing Crew Work Stations
70	Seated Workspace Dimensions
71	Dimensions for Single or Multiple Personnel at a Table or Other Duty Station Not Requiring a Desk
72	Seating at CRT-Type Work Stations
73	Swing-Away Seat for Short-Term Operations
74	Standard Console Dimensions Key
75	Example of One- or Two-Tier Wrap-Around Console
76	Examples of Three-Tier Consoles
77	Example of a Desk Top Console
78	Preferred Viewing Area
79	Seated Optimum Manual Control Space
80	Type of Ladder, Stair, or Ramp to be Used in Relation to Angle of Ascent
81	Stair Dimensions
82	Incline-Ladder Dimensions
83	Vertical-Ladder Dimensions
84	Well-Designed Work Platform
85	Door Dimensions
86	Hatches Mounted Overhead
87	Hatches Mounted on Vertical Walls
88	Hatch Dimensions
89	Walkway and Passageway Dimensions
90	Effective Temperature Scale
91	Windchill Chart
92	Equivalent Chill Temperature
93	Ventilation Requirements
94	Workspace Reflectance Values
95	Permissible Distance Between a Speaker and Listener's for Specified Voice Levels and Ambient Noise Levels
96	Range of Acceptable Reverberation Time
97	Vibration Exposure Criteria for Longitudinal (Upper Figure) and Transverse (Lower Figure) Directions with Respect to Body Axis
98	The 90 % Motion Sickness Protection Limits for Human Exposure to Very Low Frequency Vibration
99	Standing, Lateral Reach (Preferred Arm)
100	Seated, Forward Reach (Both Arms)
101	Crosslegged Seated, Forward Reach (Both Arms)
102	Standing, Forward Reach (Both Arms)
103	Standing, Forward Reach (Preferred Arm)
104	Access Opening Dimensions
105	Minimal Two-Hand and Finger Access
106	Covers and Accesses
107	Covers and Cases
108	Examples of Push-Pull Forces
109	Minimum Handle Dimensions
110	Handwheel Torque
111	Methods of Identifying Plugs and Receptacles to Prevent Mismatching
112	Cable Arrangements
113	Suggested Cable Arrangement in Junction Box for Easy Checking
114	Preformed Cables
115	Fluid Line Connector Recommendations
116	Anatomical Limits on Axially Symmetrical Ocular Metal Part
117	Mounting Heights for Common Electrical Fixtures
118	Required Distance Between Hazard and Barrier

LIST OF TABLES
Table	Title
1	Metric Equivalents, Abbreviations, and Prefixes
2	Coding of Simple Indicator Lights
3	Application of Various Types of Mechanical Displays
4	Character Sizes for Mechanical Counters
5	Group Viewing of Optical Projection Displays
6	Range Ring Values
7	Functional Evaluation of Audio Signals
8	Intelligibility Criteria for Voice Communications Systems
9	Control Selection Criteria
10	Recommended Manual Controls
11	Conventional Control Movement Stereotypes
12	Minimum Separation Distances for Controls
13	Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Types of Coding
14	Recommended Control Colors (FED-STD-595)
15	Knob Detentes Placement
16	Keyboards, Inch-pound Units
17	Keyboards, SI Units
18	Limiting Dimensions for Free-Moving X-Y Controller
19	Arm Strength
20	Hand and Thumb-Finger Strength
21	Character Size Versus Luminance
22	Anthropometric Data
23	Range of Human Motion
24	Mobile Work Space Dimensions
25	Standing Work Space Dimensions for Work Clearances
26	Seated Work Space Dimensions
27	Standard Console Dimensions
28	Human Performance Effects at Various Effective Temperatures
29	Physical and Perceptual Responses to Various Temperatures
30	Temperature and Its Effect on the Comfort of the Extremities
31	Human Reaction to Windchill
32	Specific Task Illumination Requirements
33	Recommendations for Display Lighting
34	Low-Frequency and Infrasonic Noise Limits to Prevent Ear Injury
35	Sound Exposure to Avoid Deafness
36	Maximum Permissible Sound Pressure Level
37	OSHA Permissible Daily Noise
38	Effects of Noise on Human Performance
39	Effects of High-Level Noise on Human Performance
40	Upper Noise Limits Recommended for Military Facilities
41	Comfort Limits for Noise by Octave Band
42	Noxious Exhaust Products of Engine Fuels
43	Design Weight Limits
44	Static Muscle Strength Data
45	Weight and Dimensions of Portable Test Equipment
46	General Comparison Fuses and Circuit Breakers
47	Recommended Clearances Around Equipment Operator's Station to Accommodate 95th Percentile Male Dressed in Arctic Clothing. Operator Seat in Rear Most Position
48	Temperature Limits
49	Shock Current Intensities and Their Probable Effects
50	Allowable Exposure Limits to Some Toxic Gases
51	System Response Times

^REFERENCE: ^REFDOCID: IEEE/ASTM SI 10^REFDOCTITLE: Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric SystemMilitary Specifications:^REFDOCID: MIL-C-25050,^REFDOCTITLE: Colors, Aeronautical Lights and Lighting Equipment, General Requirements forFederal Standard: ^REFDOCID: FED-STD-595^REFDOCTITLE: ColorMilitary Standards:^REFDOCID: MIL-STD-12,^REFDOCTITLE: Abbreviation for Use on Drawings, Specifications, Standards, and in Technical Documents^REFDOCID: MIL-STD-740, ^REFDOCTITLE: Airborne and Structureborne Noise Measurements and Acceptance Criteria of Shipboard EquipmentMilitary Handbook: ^REFDOCID: DOD-HDBK-743,^REFDOCTITLE: Anthropometry of US Military PersonnelFederal Regulations: ^REFDOCID: 29 CFR 1910, ^REFDOCTITLE: Occupational Safety and Health Standards^REFDOCID: 46 CFR 113.25-9,^REFDOCTITLE: U.S. Coast Guard Regulation ^KEYWORDS: ^INDEX TERMS: ^STATUS: Dn Cn Sn Nn Mn ^APPROVAL: 000510 ^PAGES: 156 ^COMMITTEE: F25 ^SUBCOMMITTEE: 0700 ^BOS: 01.07 ^ORGINFO: ANSI ^ACTION: REAPPROVESTD ^MISCPUB: ^PDESIG: F1166 ^PYEAR: 1995AR1995 ^CLASS: Practice